RNAi: nature abhors a double-strand György Hutvágner and Phillip
... Nonetheless, it has been suggested that in Drosophila an RdRP activity plays a central role in the amplification of the dsRNA, and, consequently, in the amplification of the siRNAs [31••]. The ‘random degradative PCR model’ (Figure 1) proposes that the RdRP uses the guide siRNA strand as a primer to ...
... Nonetheless, it has been suggested that in Drosophila an RdRP activity plays a central role in the amplification of the dsRNA, and, consequently, in the amplification of the siRNAs [31••]. The ‘random degradative PCR model’ (Figure 1) proposes that the RdRP uses the guide siRNA strand as a primer to ...
FOG1 recruits the NuRD repressor complex to mediate
... which is supported by the observation that restoring GATA-1 activity in G1E cells induces all of the known GATA-1 target genes (Welch et al, 2004). Activation of many but not all of these genes requires FOG-1 binding by GATA-1. For example, GATA-1 bearing a valine to glycine substitution mutation at ...
... which is supported by the observation that restoring GATA-1 activity in G1E cells induces all of the known GATA-1 target genes (Welch et al, 2004). Activation of many but not all of these genes requires FOG-1 binding by GATA-1. For example, GATA-1 bearing a valine to glycine substitution mutation at ...
Gene Section KSR1 (kinase suppressor of ras 1)
... Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. However, there are several published studies that sustain that KSR1 has catalytic activity. KSR1 is recognized as a pseudokinase, since mammalian KSR1 does not possess the lysine responsible for ATP orientation and hydrolysis in the putative kinase domain. This lysine is ...
... Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. However, there are several published studies that sustain that KSR1 has catalytic activity. KSR1 is recognized as a pseudokinase, since mammalian KSR1 does not possess the lysine responsible for ATP orientation and hydrolysis in the putative kinase domain. This lysine is ...
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes
... several signaling pathways and of protein phosphorylation. There are excellent reviews about the regulation of the first steps in SL synthesis [4,29,30]. Below, we summarize the most recent advances in this field. 2.3.1. SPOTS complex, a key player in sphingolipid metabolism regulation The initial ste ...
... several signaling pathways and of protein phosphorylation. There are excellent reviews about the regulation of the first steps in SL synthesis [4,29,30]. Below, we summarize the most recent advances in this field. 2.3.1. SPOTS complex, a key player in sphingolipid metabolism regulation The initial ste ...
Molecular mechanism of protrusion formation during Listeria Keith Ireton Luciano A. Rigano
... recent data indicates that the Tuba effector Cdc42 controls bacterial protrusions. Cdc42 is a human GTPase that regulates many biological processes, including cell motility, endocytic and exocytic trafficking of vesicles, the formation and maintenance of cell junctions, and cell polarity (Jaffe and ...
... recent data indicates that the Tuba effector Cdc42 controls bacterial protrusions. Cdc42 is a human GTPase that regulates many biological processes, including cell motility, endocytic and exocytic trafficking of vesicles, the formation and maintenance of cell junctions, and cell polarity (Jaffe and ...
ANALYSIS OF A BACTERIAL SERINE/THREONINE KINASE
... RdoA is a bacterial protein kinase from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium first noted for its regulation of dsbA expression in this organism. The crystal structure of RdoA’s homologue, YihE from Escherichia coli, revealed a basic bi-lobal kinase domain that is a hallmark of the eukaryotic Ser/ ...
... RdoA is a bacterial protein kinase from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium first noted for its regulation of dsbA expression in this organism. The crystal structure of RdoA’s homologue, YihE from Escherichia coli, revealed a basic bi-lobal kinase domain that is a hallmark of the eukaryotic Ser/ ...
REVIEWS
... are uniform among individuals within a species, and departures from this situation in humans result in severe medical conditions. In addition to its relevance to human health, how vertebrate left–right (LR) asymmetry is established is an important question for developmental biologists, and several i ...
... are uniform among individuals within a species, and departures from this situation in humans result in severe medical conditions. In addition to its relevance to human health, how vertebrate left–right (LR) asymmetry is established is an important question for developmental biologists, and several i ...
Chapter 1
... we put the study of the promoter as well as of the putative targets of this gene as a very interesting tool to understand the complex network of gene regulation in guard cells. On the other hand, γVPE codes for a vacuolar processing enzyme with a caspase-1 like activity and substrate specificity tow ...
... we put the study of the promoter as well as of the putative targets of this gene as a very interesting tool to understand the complex network of gene regulation in guard cells. On the other hand, γVPE codes for a vacuolar processing enzyme with a caspase-1 like activity and substrate specificity tow ...
RA/FGF control Meis in PD limb development
... Vertebrate limbs provide an excellent model for the study of developmental mechanisms, since several molecules involved in its growth and patterning have been identified (Cohn and Tickle, 1996; Johnson and Tabin, 1997; Schwabe et al., 1998). However, little is known of how limb cells acquire their i ...
... Vertebrate limbs provide an excellent model for the study of developmental mechanisms, since several molecules involved in its growth and patterning have been identified (Cohn and Tickle, 1996; Johnson and Tabin, 1997; Schwabe et al., 1998). However, little is known of how limb cells acquire their i ...
Sex Determination in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline
... elegans. Of course, much is also known in other model organisms, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and vertebrates. These will be shortly introduced to point at possible links with C. elegans. In this chapter we have not included Danio rerio (zebrafish), a well-studied vertebrate model o ...
... elegans. Of course, much is also known in other model organisms, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and vertebrates. These will be shortly introduced to point at possible links with C. elegans. In this chapter we have not included Danio rerio (zebrafish), a well-studied vertebrate model o ...
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the BRI1 receptor kinase occurs via a
... In metazoans, receptor kinases control many essential processes related to growth and development and response to the environment. The receptor kinases in plants and animals are structurally similar but evolutionarily distinct and thus while most animal receptor kinases are tyrosine kinases the plan ...
... In metazoans, receptor kinases control many essential processes related to growth and development and response to the environment. The receptor kinases in plants and animals are structurally similar but evolutionarily distinct and thus while most animal receptor kinases are tyrosine kinases the plan ...
POS-1 and germ cell specification
... C. elegans. As part of the C. elegans cDNA project, we have used molecular screens to look for mRNAs that are localized asymmetrically in the early embryo (Y. Kohara, unpublished data). In a second approach, we have used genetic screens to identify maternal-effect lethal mutations that prevent the d ...
... C. elegans. As part of the C. elegans cDNA project, we have used molecular screens to look for mRNAs that are localized asymmetrically in the early embryo (Y. Kohara, unpublished data). In a second approach, we have used genetic screens to identify maternal-effect lethal mutations that prevent the d ...
Glycosyltransferase activity of Fringe modulates
... very low level (Fig 1b). Co-expression of Notch and Fringe resulted in a large increase in the quantity of bound Delta–AP (Fig 1b), even when the level of Notch expression was lower than in the cells expressing Notch alone. The level of proteolytic processing required for formation of a functional r ...
... very low level (Fig 1b). Co-expression of Notch and Fringe resulted in a large increase in the quantity of bound Delta–AP (Fig 1b), even when the level of Notch expression was lower than in the cells expressing Notch alone. The level of proteolytic processing required for formation of a functional r ...
Systematic Mutagenesis of the Yeast Mating Pheromone Receptor Third Intracellular Loop.
... lithium acetate method (14). The Ste2 deletion allele (ste2A)was conhaploid cell types is initiatedby peptide pheromones that bind structed using PCR to replace 96%of the STE2 gene (6 amino acids at to seven transmembrane domain receptors on thecell surface. The pheromone a-factor, produced by matin ...
... lithium acetate method (14). The Ste2 deletion allele (ste2A)was conhaploid cell types is initiatedby peptide pheromones that bind structed using PCR to replace 96%of the STE2 gene (6 amino acids at to seven transmembrane domain receptors on thecell surface. The pheromone a-factor, produced by matin ...
Functional cross‐kingdom conservation of mammalian and moss
... production of difficult-to-express protein therapeutics (Weber and Fussenegger, 2007). In mammalian cells, the initiation of translation is typically managed by a cap structure which is post-transcriptionally attached to the 5′ end of mRNAs (Kozak, 1989). Alternatively, internal ribosome entry sites ...
... production of difficult-to-express protein therapeutics (Weber and Fussenegger, 2007). In mammalian cells, the initiation of translation is typically managed by a cap structure which is post-transcriptionally attached to the 5′ end of mRNAs (Kozak, 1989). Alternatively, internal ribosome entry sites ...
Article Title Authors Author affiliation Correspondence information
... researchers have proposed a theoretical model: Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex can act as a rheostat in autophagic regulation. Autophagy is a necessary adaptive response to nutrition deficiencies and other types of cell stress. Without autophagy cells are less resilient and loose viability when exposed to del ...
... researchers have proposed a theoretical model: Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex can act as a rheostat in autophagic regulation. Autophagy is a necessary adaptive response to nutrition deficiencies and other types of cell stress. Without autophagy cells are less resilient and loose viability when exposed to del ...
IRK-1 Potassium Channels Mediate Peptidergic Inhibition
... G-protein signaling. Vulval muscles express two Gq-coupled serotonin receptors that promote muscle contraction: SER-1 and SER-7 (Carnell et al., 2005; Hobson et al., 2006). Egg-laying behavior is inhibited by Go signaling in the HSNs (Mendel et al., 1995; Ségalat et al., 1995; Tanis et al., 2008). ...
... G-protein signaling. Vulval muscles express two Gq-coupled serotonin receptors that promote muscle contraction: SER-1 and SER-7 (Carnell et al., 2005; Hobson et al., 2006). Egg-laying behavior is inhibited by Go signaling in the HSNs (Mendel et al., 1995; Ségalat et al., 1995; Tanis et al., 2008). ...
Multiple Wnts and Frizzled Receptors Regulate Anteriorly Directed
... axis has emerged, our understanding of anterior-posterior (A/P) guidance is less clear. Recent studies, however, suggest that members of the Wnt glycoprotein family can be such A/P guidance cues (Liu et al., 2005; Lyuksyutova et al., 2003). Wnts are a family of secreted glycoproteins found in all me ...
... axis has emerged, our understanding of anterior-posterior (A/P) guidance is less clear. Recent studies, however, suggest that members of the Wnt glycoprotein family can be such A/P guidance cues (Liu et al., 2005; Lyuksyutova et al., 2003). Wnts are a family of secreted glycoproteins found in all me ...
Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways
... Andrea Oeckinghaus, Matthew S Hayden & Sankar Ghosh NF-kB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-kB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-kB-depe ...
... Andrea Oeckinghaus, Matthew S Hayden & Sankar Ghosh NF-kB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-kB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-kB-depe ...
Molecular approaches to vertebrate limb
... given here are total retinoid concentrations. A substantial fraction of each retinoid is probably specifically bound to protein (see below), but extraction with organic solvents will denature these proteins and release the bound ligand. To examine whether retinoic acid is enriched in the posterior r ...
... given here are total retinoid concentrations. A substantial fraction of each retinoid is probably specifically bound to protein (see below), but extraction with organic solvents will denature these proteins and release the bound ligand. To examine whether retinoic acid is enriched in the posterior r ...
Evolutionary Developmental Biology and Vertebrate Head
... generative constraint (reviewed by Wagner 1994). This concept, in the present context, can be defined as the specific morphogenetic patterning effect imposed onto a tissue that does not possess its own morphological patterns per se. Since all the developmental processes are causally linked, every pa ...
... generative constraint (reviewed by Wagner 1994). This concept, in the present context, can be defined as the specific morphogenetic patterning effect imposed onto a tissue that does not possess its own morphological patterns per se. Since all the developmental processes are causally linked, every pa ...
SB401, a pollen-specific protein from Solanum berthaultii
... filaments to microtubules. SB401 protein had a much higher affinity for microtubules than for actin filaments. In the presence of both cytoskeletal elements, the protein preferentially bound microtubules to form bundles. These results demonstrate that SB401 protein may have important roles in organi ...
... filaments to microtubules. SB401 protein had a much higher affinity for microtubules than for actin filaments. In the presence of both cytoskeletal elements, the protein preferentially bound microtubules to form bundles. These results demonstrate that SB401 protein may have important roles in organi ...
Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Formation at ER Exit Sites
... PtdIns mono- and bis-phosphate levels, with a maximal (2-fold) effect observed at 3 min (Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C) and subsequent increases at 9 min. This activity is similar to the previously reported transient elevation in phosphorylated PtdIns observed upon incubation of Golgi membranes with activa ...
... PtdIns mono- and bis-phosphate levels, with a maximal (2-fold) effect observed at 3 min (Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C) and subsequent increases at 9 min. This activity is similar to the previously reported transient elevation in phosphorylated PtdIns observed upon incubation of Golgi membranes with activa ...
MAPK Phosphatase AP2C3 Induces Ectopic Proliferation of
... [13,14,15,16]. Phosphorylation of SPCH by MPK6 was shown to control the entry into stomata lineage and to connect signaling through MAPKs to downstream transcriptional regulatory targets of stomata development [13]. MAPKKs MKK4 and MKK5, as well as MKK7 and MKK9 inhibit the entry into stomata lineag ...
... [13,14,15,16]. Phosphorylation of SPCH by MPK6 was shown to control the entry into stomata lineage and to connect signaling through MAPKs to downstream transcriptional regulatory targets of stomata development [13]. MAPKKs MKK4 and MKK5, as well as MKK7 and MKK9 inhibit the entry into stomata lineag ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.