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... We next examined whether overexpression of Coco would enhance TGFβ1 signaling. To address this, we used the ePiggyBac transposable element system (Lacoste et al., 2009) to generate a C2C12 cell line that expresses Coco under the control of the Tetresponsive-element (TRE) (Fig. 3A). This allows induc ...
... We next examined whether overexpression of Coco would enhance TGFβ1 signaling. To address this, we used the ePiggyBac transposable element system (Lacoste et al., 2009) to generate a C2C12 cell line that expresses Coco under the control of the Tetresponsive-element (TRE) (Fig. 3A). This allows induc ...
Two overlapping reading frames in a single exon encode interacting
... resistance to Triton X-100 extraction (Figure 3) to investigate whether the ALEX-like immunoreactive band observed in untransfected PC12 cells (Figure 3A, lane wt) is endogenous ALEX. Immunoblotting using the antiALEX antibody revealed two immunoreactive bands in the particulate fraction of PC12 cel ...
... resistance to Triton X-100 extraction (Figure 3) to investigate whether the ALEX-like immunoreactive band observed in untransfected PC12 cells (Figure 3A, lane wt) is endogenous ALEX. Immunoblotting using the antiALEX antibody revealed two immunoreactive bands in the particulate fraction of PC12 cel ...
The ErbB/HER receptor protein
... The ratio of protein phosphoserine/phosphothreonine/phosphotyrosine in normal animal cells is about 3000/300/1 [8]. Despite the paucity of protein-phosphotyrosines, they play key roles in signal transduction. Protein-serine/threonine kinases typically phosphorylate exogenous proteins, and this may b ...
... The ratio of protein phosphoserine/phosphothreonine/phosphotyrosine in normal animal cells is about 3000/300/1 [8]. Despite the paucity of protein-phosphotyrosines, they play key roles in signal transduction. Protein-serine/threonine kinases typically phosphorylate exogenous proteins, and this may b ...
The Drosophila ribbon gene encodes a nuclear BTB domain protein that promotes epithelial migration and morphogenesis. Development 128, 4923-4933. pdf
... with a BTB/POZ domain and Pipsqueak DNA-binding motif. It is expressed in the developing tracheal system and other morphogenetically active epithelia, many of which are also affected in rib mutants. We propose that Rib is a key regulator of epithelial morphogenesis that promotes migration and morpho ...
... with a BTB/POZ domain and Pipsqueak DNA-binding motif. It is expressed in the developing tracheal system and other morphogenetically active epithelia, many of which are also affected in rib mutants. We propose that Rib is a key regulator of epithelial morphogenesis that promotes migration and morpho ...
Role of chick cux1 and cux2 during limb development
... necessary for maintaining the structure and function of the ridge throughout limb development. In addition to FGF and Notch, the Wnt signaling pathway has also been shown to be implicated in AER formation (Galceran et al., 1999; Kengaku et al., 1998). Wnt3a is initially expressed in the presumptive ...
... necessary for maintaining the structure and function of the ridge throughout limb development. In addition to FGF and Notch, the Wnt signaling pathway has also been shown to be implicated in AER formation (Galceran et al., 1999; Kengaku et al., 1998). Wnt3a is initially expressed in the presumptive ...
Protein A Affinity Column for Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) Titer Analysis
... Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) plays an important role in immunology and biochemistry owing to its specific interaction with the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from many mammals. SPA is a cell wall associated protein domain exposed on the surface of the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aur ...
... Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) plays an important role in immunology and biochemistry owing to its specific interaction with the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from many mammals. SPA is a cell wall associated protein domain exposed on the surface of the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aur ...
The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling
... compare lanes 4 and 6) (Cheng et al., 2003; Yeo and Whitman, 2001). We also obtained similar results with native Gdf3 in this assay, although the levels of mature ligand present in activin receptor complexes were low (data not shown), indicating that our findings are not a consequence of the use of ...
... compare lanes 4 and 6) (Cheng et al., 2003; Yeo and Whitman, 2001). We also obtained similar results with native Gdf3 in this assay, although the levels of mature ligand present in activin receptor complexes were low (data not shown), indicating that our findings are not a consequence of the use of ...
Inhibition of Target of Rapamycin Signaling and
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
Craniofacial Development and the Evolution of the Vertebrates: the
... modern treatment of the issue). However, this was never truly integrated with the transcendental morphology until recently, when molecular developmental biology became the glue to unite them (see de Beer, 1926, 1937, 1958; Jarvik, 1980; Couly et al., 1993, 1998; see Hanken and Hall, 1993, for studie ...
... modern treatment of the issue). However, this was never truly integrated with the transcendental morphology until recently, when molecular developmental biology became the glue to unite them (see de Beer, 1926, 1937, 1958; Jarvik, 1980; Couly et al., 1993, 1998; see Hanken and Hall, 1993, for studie ...
Selective Dimerization of a C2H2 Zinc Finger Subfamily
... et al., 2001; Segal and Barbas, 2000, 2001). The consensus sequence for C2H2 zinc fingers is (F/Y)-X-C-X2-5-C-X3-(F/Y)-X5--X2-H-X3-5-H, where X is any amino acid and is a hydrophobic residue (Wolfe et al., 2000). In addition to the cysteines and histidines that coordinate zinc, C2H2 fingers conta ...
... et al., 2001; Segal and Barbas, 2000, 2001). The consensus sequence for C2H2 zinc fingers is (F/Y)-X-C-X2-5-C-X3-(F/Y)-X5--X2-H-X3-5-H, where X is any amino acid and is a hydrophobic residue (Wolfe et al., 2000). In addition to the cysteines and histidines that coordinate zinc, C2H2 fingers conta ...
Lewis lung carcinoma regulation of mechanical stretch - AJP-Cell
... stimulation can occur independent of Akt, and there is evidence that signaling involving phospholipase D (25, 73) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) (34, 38) is involved in the process. Mechanical stimuli can activate muscle ERK1/2 and p38 signaling (37, 44), which can both indu ...
... stimulation can occur independent of Akt, and there is evidence that signaling involving phospholipase D (25, 73) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) (34, 38) is involved in the process. Mechanical stimuli can activate muscle ERK1/2 and p38 signaling (37, 44), which can both indu ...
Macrophages but Not MyD88, in Bacteria
... Several Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-containing adapter molecules have been shown to be recruited to the cytoplasmic TIR domains of activated TLRs and to mediate downstream TLR signaling (1– 4, 22). These adapters determine the signaling pathways that confer NF-B activation. There are two major NF-B-in ...
... Several Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-containing adapter molecules have been shown to be recruited to the cytoplasmic TIR domains of activated TLRs and to mediate downstream TLR signaling (1– 4, 22). These adapters determine the signaling pathways that confer NF-B activation. There are two major NF-B-in ...
The Antagonist Function of Arabidopsis WRKY53 and
... et al., 1998; Quirino et al., 1999), these pathways may also be involved in regulating gene expression during senescence. Morris et al. (2000) showed that the expression of certain genes during leaf senescence is dependent on the presence of an active SA pathway. On the other hand, senescence appear ...
... et al., 1998; Quirino et al., 1999), these pathways may also be involved in regulating gene expression during senescence. Morris et al. (2000) showed that the expression of certain genes during leaf senescence is dependent on the presence of an active SA pathway. On the other hand, senescence appear ...
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... decrease as a basis for subsequent mechanistic studies, isolated preovulatory rat follicles were incubated for various times with or without LH. Because NPR2 is located in the plasma membrane, ...
... decrease as a basis for subsequent mechanistic studies, isolated preovulatory rat follicles were incubated for various times with or without LH. Because NPR2 is located in the plasma membrane, ...
Cellular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis and skeletal
... mechanical tension is due, in part, to an increased rate of protein synthesis. Currently, the mechanisms proposed in regulation of resistance exercise/contraction-induced compensatory growth include, but are not limited to, the involvement of local growth factors and the signaling events induced by ...
... mechanical tension is due, in part, to an increased rate of protein synthesis. Currently, the mechanisms proposed in regulation of resistance exercise/contraction-induced compensatory growth include, but are not limited to, the involvement of local growth factors and the signaling events induced by ...
Identification of Genes Involved in the Assembly and Biosynthesis of... N
... Figure 1.1: Tree of life for the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya domains ........................................ 5 Figure 1.2: Arrangements of flagella on a bacterial cell .................................................................. 7 Figure 1.3: Assembly of the bacterial flagellum .......... ...
... Figure 1.1: Tree of life for the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya domains ........................................ 5 Figure 1.2: Arrangements of flagella on a bacterial cell .................................................................. 7 Figure 1.3: Assembly of the bacterial flagellum .......... ...
The novel mouse mutant, chuzhoi, has disruption of Ptk7
... Studies with model organisms are essential in helping to elucidate the genetic, molecular and cellular defects that cause these congenital abnormalities which, in turn, provides the potential to identify and develop novel preventative therapies. Over 190 mouse mutants are known with neural tube defe ...
... Studies with model organisms are essential in helping to elucidate the genetic, molecular and cellular defects that cause these congenital abnormalities which, in turn, provides the potential to identify and develop novel preventative therapies. Over 190 mouse mutants are known with neural tube defe ...
TGF-β/BMP superfamily members, Gbb-60A and Dpp
... Within a developing organism, cells receive many signals which control their proliferation, fate specification and differentiation. One group of such proteins is the TGFβ/BMP class of related signaling molecules. Based on expression studies, multiple members of this class of ligands must impinge upo ...
... Within a developing organism, cells receive many signals which control their proliferation, fate specification and differentiation. One group of such proteins is the TGFβ/BMP class of related signaling molecules. Based on expression studies, multiple members of this class of ligands must impinge upo ...
Light Control of Plasma Membrane Recruitment Using
... 1999). This interaction has already proven useful for applying complex temporal and spatial intracellular inputs to live cells in a variety of species (Levskaya et al., 2009; Shimizu-Sato et al., 2002). In principle, this approach could be used for spatiotemporal control over any cellular process th ...
... 1999). This interaction has already proven useful for applying complex temporal and spatial intracellular inputs to live cells in a variety of species (Levskaya et al., 2009; Shimizu-Sato et al., 2002). In principle, this approach could be used for spatiotemporal control over any cellular process th ...
Centrosome misorientation mediates slowing of the cell cycle under
... that centrosome orientation is downstream of insulin signaling regulated by nutrient availability. The fact that correct centrosome orientation is acquired by activating InR even in poor media also strongly argues against a nonspecific influence of malnutrition on GSC centrosome misorientation. We f ...
... that centrosome orientation is downstream of insulin signaling regulated by nutrient availability. The fact that correct centrosome orientation is acquired by activating InR even in poor media also strongly argues against a nonspecific influence of malnutrition on GSC centrosome misorientation. We f ...
osa and brahma interact in Drosophila - Development
... and that they are both required for the function of specific cisregulatory elements in the Antp gene. osa is not required for expression of all brm-regulated genes and this suggests that it is not essential for the function of the BRM complex itself, but may regulate its activity. How it may regulat ...
... and that they are both required for the function of specific cisregulatory elements in the Antp gene. osa is not required for expression of all brm-regulated genes and this suggests that it is not essential for the function of the BRM complex itself, but may regulate its activity. How it may regulat ...
AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinases: conserved guardians of
... and regulatory β- and γ-subunits (FIG. 3). The mamma lian kinases are activated by AMP in two ways. First, the kinase activity that resides in the α-subunit is stimulated by the binding of AMP to the γ-subunit. Second, AMP binding to the γ-subunit also promotes phosphoryla tion of a Thr residue wi ...
... and regulatory β- and γ-subunits (FIG. 3). The mamma lian kinases are activated by AMP in two ways. First, the kinase activity that resides in the α-subunit is stimulated by the binding of AMP to the γ-subunit. Second, AMP binding to the γ-subunit also promotes phosphoryla tion of a Thr residue wi ...
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF NFκB
... Intensive research into the complex regulation of NFκB proteins in mammalian immunity has led to the discovery of signaling pathways such as the Tolllike Receptor (TLR) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) pathways. The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that recognize and ...
... Intensive research into the complex regulation of NFκB proteins in mammalian immunity has led to the discovery of signaling pathways such as the Tolllike Receptor (TLR) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) pathways. The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that recognize and ...
... EGL-20 by antagonizing a canonical Wnt signaling pathway utilizing the Frizzled (Frz) receptors MOM-5 and MIG-1. We have also identified a separate Wnt pathway, involving the Frz receptor LIN-17 and the Wnt ligands LIN-44 and CWN-1, that preserves VA inputs by blocking CEH-12 expression in anterior ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.