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Sorting of plant vacuolar proteins is initiated in the ER
... occur in the protoplasts expressing the SNXCCRNAi construct (compare Figure 3j with Figure 3h). In addition, it also appeared that a large proportion of the GFP–BP80 signals remained immediately adjacent to the Golgi marker signal (Figure 3j), and this was not quite as evident in the control (Figure ...
... occur in the protoplasts expressing the SNXCCRNAi construct (compare Figure 3j with Figure 3h). In addition, it also appeared that a large proportion of the GFP–BP80 signals remained immediately adjacent to the Golgi marker signal (Figure 3j), and this was not quite as evident in the control (Figure ...
BTK, THE TYROSINE KINASE AFFECTED IN X-LINKED
... indirect mechanism, in which autophosphorylation of Btk Y551 is required for Btk activity (37). This observation is further supported by the interaction of Btk TH domain and Src family SH3 domains (43). In another study, Lyn was shown to activate Btk by transphosphorylating Y551 in the activation lo ...
... indirect mechanism, in which autophosphorylation of Btk Y551 is required for Btk activity (37). This observation is further supported by the interaction of Btk TH domain and Src family SH3 domains (43). In another study, Lyn was shown to activate Btk by transphosphorylating Y551 in the activation lo ...
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... mediating founder cell-FCM recognition and attachment (RuizGomez et al., 2000). Duf probably performs this function together with its paralog Roughest (Rst) (Strunkelnberg et al., 2003), which has a less restricted expression pattern. Conversely, the Ig-domain proteins Sticks and stones (Sns) and Hi ...
... mediating founder cell-FCM recognition and attachment (RuizGomez et al., 2000). Duf probably performs this function together with its paralog Roughest (Rst) (Strunkelnberg et al., 2003), which has a less restricted expression pattern. Conversely, the Ig-domain proteins Sticks and stones (Sns) and Hi ...
Modular evolution of phosphorylation
... capacity, prompting the identification of the SH2 domain and the realization that this module is conserved among other cytoplasmic TKs. Serendipitously, two of the most detrimental insertions in the viral Fps/Fes SH2 domain were located at the critical sites of packing, and electrostatic interaction ...
... capacity, prompting the identification of the SH2 domain and the realization that this module is conserved among other cytoplasmic TKs. Serendipitously, two of the most detrimental insertions in the viral Fps/Fes SH2 domain were located at the critical sites of packing, and electrostatic interaction ...
T Cells FOXP3 Target Genes in Natural Regulatory Genome
... constitutively in natural CD4+ Tregs and has been shown to be essential for nTreg function (9). FOXP3 is a member of the P subfamily of the FKH family of transcription factors sharing a number of common features including a C2H2 zinc finger, a leucine zipper, and a FKH DNA-binding domain (10). These ...
... constitutively in natural CD4+ Tregs and has been shown to be essential for nTreg function (9). FOXP3 is a member of the P subfamily of the FKH family of transcription factors sharing a number of common features including a C2H2 zinc finger, a leucine zipper, and a FKH DNA-binding domain (10). These ...
Introduction - ART
... Cells are continuously exposed to diverse external stimuli, ranging from soluble endocrine and paracrine factors to signaling molecules on neighboring cells. The cell must interpret these extracellular signals to produce an appropriate developmental or proliferative response. Receptors of the tyrosi ...
... Cells are continuously exposed to diverse external stimuli, ranging from soluble endocrine and paracrine factors to signaling molecules on neighboring cells. The cell must interpret these extracellular signals to produce an appropriate developmental or proliferative response. Receptors of the tyrosi ...
Role of GATA factors in development, differentiation, and
... MED-2, two nearly identical and functionally redundant GATA-like transcription factors (Fig. 3A). The med-1 and med-2 genes are unique in that they lack introns and express GATA-like factors that contain a single type IV zinc finger that differs from classical GATA zinc fingers by a single amino aci ...
... MED-2, two nearly identical and functionally redundant GATA-like transcription factors (Fig. 3A). The med-1 and med-2 genes are unique in that they lack introns and express GATA-like factors that contain a single type IV zinc finger that differs from classical GATA zinc fingers by a single amino aci ...
BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: Structure, function - Serval
... located immediately 3 of TWEAK, another TNF family ligand. An intergenic splicing event between exon 6 of TWEAK and exon 2 of APRIL generates human TWE-PRIL (Fig. 1A). Although this mRNA has been convincingly shown to exist at abundances close to that of APRIL in T cells and various cell lines [24] ...
... located immediately 3 of TWEAK, another TNF family ligand. An intergenic splicing event between exon 6 of TWEAK and exon 2 of APRIL generates human TWE-PRIL (Fig. 1A). Although this mRNA has been convincingly shown to exist at abundances close to that of APRIL in T cells and various cell lines [24] ...
TESI DOCTORAL NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTOR: STRATEGIES OF EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND REFOLDING
... are Lys-Arg, Arg-Arg, and Arg-Lys doublets and the cleavage is carried out by six groups of proteolytic enzymes called convertases (Steiner et al., 1992). Like all other neurotransmitters, neuronal tachykinins are released from the nerve endings in response to application of physiological and non-ph ...
... are Lys-Arg, Arg-Arg, and Arg-Lys doublets and the cleavage is carried out by six groups of proteolytic enzymes called convertases (Steiner et al., 1992). Like all other neurotransmitters, neuronal tachykinins are released from the nerve endings in response to application of physiological and non-ph ...
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... Regeneration depends on the recognition of tissue loss and the subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and K ...
... Regeneration depends on the recognition of tissue loss and the subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and K ...
Regulation of leg size and shape by the Dachsous
... Regeneration depends on the recognition of tissue loss and the subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and K ...
... Regeneration depends on the recognition of tissue loss and the subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and K ...
Definition of Early Transcriptional Circuitry Involved
... reported activities of these individual PIFs in Rc (Huq and Quail, 2002; Kim et al., 2003; Huq et al., 2004; Monte et al., 2004; Oh et al., 2004; Khanna et al., 2007). Because PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5 have been shown to downregulate phyB photoreceptor levels under prolonged Rc conditions (Khanna et al., ...
... reported activities of these individual PIFs in Rc (Huq and Quail, 2002; Kim et al., 2003; Huq et al., 2004; Monte et al., 2004; Oh et al., 2004; Khanna et al., 2007). Because PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5 have been shown to downregulate phyB photoreceptor levels under prolonged Rc conditions (Khanna et al., ...
NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways
... A signal is generated and systemically transported throughout the plant, leading to a SA-dependent defense response that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Subsequent inoculation of uninfected plant parts with TMV results in the formation of lesions that are significantly reduced in ...
... A signal is generated and systemically transported throughout the plant, leading to a SA-dependent defense response that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Subsequent inoculation of uninfected plant parts with TMV results in the formation of lesions that are significantly reduced in ...
A Per-ARNT-Sim-Like Sensor Domain Uniquely
... 2005). Hence, the expression domain of each of the five HD-ZIP III genes is determined by their promoters as well as by localized miRNA action. In this study, we identify and characterize the role of the MEKHLA domain in modulating REV dimerization. Our data suggest a mechanism in which the N-termin ...
... 2005). Hence, the expression domain of each of the five HD-ZIP III genes is determined by their promoters as well as by localized miRNA action. In this study, we identify and characterize the role of the MEKHLA domain in modulating REV dimerization. Our data suggest a mechanism in which the N-termin ...
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... The earliest of these events occur between 4 and 5h after the initiation of maturation and involve changes in protein phosphorylation. Fig. 3A compares the phosphorylation patterns in oocytes during the period of protein modification. No consistent changes were observed during the first 4h after the ...
... The earliest of these events occur between 4 and 5h after the initiation of maturation and involve changes in protein phosphorylation. Fig. 3A compares the phosphorylation patterns in oocytes during the period of protein modification. No consistent changes were observed during the first 4h after the ...
Developmental stage‐specific expression of Rbm suggests its
... 43 kDa in size that, among tissues tested, was speci®c to the testis (Figure 2A). The molecular weight of the Rbm-speci®c band concurred with the predicted size of the protein. Moreover, ectopic expression of Rbm in cultured cells also produced a single band of the identical size (data not shown). T ...
... 43 kDa in size that, among tissues tested, was speci®c to the testis (Figure 2A). The molecular weight of the Rbm-speci®c band concurred with the predicted size of the protein. Moreover, ectopic expression of Rbm in cultured cells also produced a single band of the identical size (data not shown). T ...
patterning mechanisms controlling vertebrate limb development
... are remarkably similar. Among the structures and organs mentioned above, the vertebrate limb bud is clearly an excellent experimental model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate pattern formation during embryogenesis. Vertebrate limbs are appendages that perform crucial roles, ...
... are remarkably similar. Among the structures and organs mentioned above, the vertebrate limb bud is clearly an excellent experimental model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate pattern formation during embryogenesis. Vertebrate limbs are appendages that perform crucial roles, ...
Golgi-targeting sequence of p230 - Journal of Cell Science
... The C-terminal domain of p230 is required for Golgi targeting p230 is a peripheral membrane protein that is localised on the cytoplasmic side of TGN membranes, as well as a subpopulation of non-clathrin-coated vesicles budding from the TGN (Gleeson et al., 1996). As p230 recycles between the cytosol ...
... The C-terminal domain of p230 is required for Golgi targeting p230 is a peripheral membrane protein that is localised on the cytoplasmic side of TGN membranes, as well as a subpopulation of non-clathrin-coated vesicles budding from the TGN (Gleeson et al., 1996). As p230 recycles between the cytosol ...
Comparison of transcriptional changes to chloroplast and
... large-scale gene expression data sets relating to perturbations of chloroplast and mitochondrial function to gain further insights into plant retrograde signaling and how mitochondrial and chloroplast retrograde pathways interact and differ.Twenty seven studies were included that assess transcript p ...
... large-scale gene expression data sets relating to perturbations of chloroplast and mitochondrial function to gain further insights into plant retrograde signaling and how mitochondrial and chloroplast retrograde pathways interact and differ.Twenty seven studies were included that assess transcript p ...
Full Text - Labs / Projects - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
... factors, where they are targets of regulated phosphorylation (25, 26). However, dTopors has a reduced density of RS repeats and lacks the consensus RNA-binding domain characteristic of RS domain splicing factors. This suggests that, although the SR region of dTopors may be involved in protein-protei ...
... factors, where they are targets of regulated phosphorylation (25, 26). However, dTopors has a reduced density of RS repeats and lacks the consensus RNA-binding domain characteristic of RS domain splicing factors. This suggests that, although the SR region of dTopors may be involved in protein-protei ...
Developmental Signaling by Noggin and Wnt in the Frog Xenopus
... posterior fates in undifferentiated neural tissue. Wnt signaling in particular has been closely studied. However, the mechanism by which this pathway induces posterior fates remains unclear. To address this question, I used RNA-Seq to identify direct transcriptional targets in neural tissue by acti ...
... posterior fates in undifferentiated neural tissue. Wnt signaling in particular has been closely studied. However, the mechanism by which this pathway induces posterior fates remains unclear. To address this question, I used RNA-Seq to identify direct transcriptional targets in neural tissue by acti ...
The MKK7 gene encodes a group of c-Jun NH2
... kinases include c-Raf-1 and MEK1, respectively (63). The cRaf-1 protein kinase activity is regulated by the small GTPase Ras, which induces translocation of c-Raf-1 to the plasma membrane, where it is thought to be activated (63). In contrast, JNK and p38 MAPK appear to be activated by small GTPases ...
... kinases include c-Raf-1 and MEK1, respectively (63). The cRaf-1 protein kinase activity is regulated by the small GTPase Ras, which induces translocation of c-Raf-1 to the plasma membrane, where it is thought to be activated (63). In contrast, JNK and p38 MAPK appear to be activated by small GTPases ...
chromatography - Bio-Rad
... A human serum sample was loaded onto a BioLogic DuoFlow chromatography system configured to use both an Affi-Gel Blue and an Affi-Gel protein A column for removal of albumin and IgG, respectively (Figure 1). Since protein A media can be costly, the relative purification efficiency achieved using dif ...
... A human serum sample was loaded onto a BioLogic DuoFlow chromatography system configured to use both an Affi-Gel Blue and an Affi-Gel protein A column for removal of albumin and IgG, respectively (Figure 1). Since protein A media can be costly, the relative purification efficiency achieved using dif ...
Hemoglobin Receptor in Leishmania Is a Hexokinase Located in the
... membrane proteins (8 mg) was loaded onto a pre-equilibrated (LSB with 2 M urea) SP-Sepharose fast flow column and allowed to bind to the matrix. Unbound proteins were removed from the matrix by washing the column with 20 volumes of LSB. Finally, bound proteins were eluted with a linear gradient of s ...
... membrane proteins (8 mg) was loaded onto a pre-equilibrated (LSB with 2 M urea) SP-Sepharose fast flow column and allowed to bind to the matrix. Unbound proteins were removed from the matrix by washing the column with 20 volumes of LSB. Finally, bound proteins were eluted with a linear gradient of s ...
Ca Signaling11
... - Calcineurin dephos cyto NFAT transport into nucleus. - W/o Ca2+-activated calcineurin activity, NFAT becomes rephos by GSK and re-exported to cytoplasm. ...
... - Calcineurin dephos cyto NFAT transport into nucleus. - W/o Ca2+-activated calcineurin activity, NFAT becomes rephos by GSK and re-exported to cytoplasm. ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.