Molecular mechanisms of complement evasion: learning from
... escape the innate immune response, including the expression of an extracellular capsule and ‘hiding’ within host cells, either in a vacuole or in the cytoplasm. Over the past few years it has become clear that, in addition, bacteria can escape recognition by the complement system through the actions ...
... escape the innate immune response, including the expression of an extracellular capsule and ‘hiding’ within host cells, either in a vacuole or in the cytoplasm. Over the past few years it has become clear that, in addition, bacteria can escape recognition by the complement system through the actions ...
Transcription mechanisms
... subunits have synergized beautifully with biochemical and functional experiments to link these subunits to specific transcription pathways and biological processes. PIC assembly is directed to the start site by “core” promoter sequences that are recognized primarily by subunits of the GTF TFIID, inc ...
... subunits have synergized beautifully with biochemical and functional experiments to link these subunits to specific transcription pathways and biological processes. PIC assembly is directed to the start site by “core” promoter sequences that are recognized primarily by subunits of the GTF TFIID, inc ...
Expip is a cargo adaptor for Sec24p ... export the plasma membrane H+ ATPase from the
... Overview of the secretory pathway Translocation into the ER Cargo proteins of the secretory pathway enter the pathway at the ER, the surface of which is coated with ribosomes that allow coupling of protein translation with translocation into the ER. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the rib ...
... Overview of the secretory pathway Translocation into the ER Cargo proteins of the secretory pathway enter the pathway at the ER, the surface of which is coated with ribosomes that allow coupling of protein translation with translocation into the ER. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the rib ...
i ANALYSIS OF THE ENU-3 PROTEIN FAMILY IN NERVOUS
... additional aspect of my work described in this thesis. ENU-3 is the founding member of the ENU-3 protein family, which consists of five additional paralogs in the C. elegans genome. They are all of unknown function, with 90 % amino acid sequence identity to ENU-3 (Yee et al., 2011). Therefore, their ...
... additional aspect of my work described in this thesis. ENU-3 is the founding member of the ENU-3 protein family, which consists of five additional paralogs in the C. elegans genome. They are all of unknown function, with 90 % amino acid sequence identity to ENU-3 (Yee et al., 2011). Therefore, their ...
PDF
... primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) lineage (reviewed by Oliveri et al., 2008; Ettensohn, 2009). The PMC gene network is currently one of the most complete developmental GRNs and is being used to elucidate GRN architecture, the evolution of developmental programs, and developmental plasticity. For example ...
... primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) lineage (reviewed by Oliveri et al., 2008; Ettensohn, 2009). The PMC gene network is currently one of the most complete developmental GRNs and is being used to elucidate GRN architecture, the evolution of developmental programs, and developmental plasticity. For example ...
The Tomato Calcium Sensor Cbl10 and Its Interacting - IBVF
... ROS burst stimulated extracellular Ca2+ influx to the cytosol (Lecourieux et al., 2002). The main enzymatic source for the oxidative bursts in Arabidopsis thaliana, the membrane-bound NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst homolog [RBOH] proteins), are synergistically regulated by Ca2+ and p ...
... ROS burst stimulated extracellular Ca2+ influx to the cytosol (Lecourieux et al., 2002). The main enzymatic source for the oxidative bursts in Arabidopsis thaliana, the membrane-bound NADPH oxidases (also known as respiratory burst homolog [RBOH] proteins), are synergistically regulated by Ca2+ and p ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... To identify the genes in Mtb that are behind the anti-apoptotic phenotype, a gain-of-function genetic screen was established using the non-pathogenic M.smegmatis mc2 155 strain (Msmeg). This strain is fast growing and highly transformable. The host cell used was the human cell line THP-1, which in p ...
... To identify the genes in Mtb that are behind the anti-apoptotic phenotype, a gain-of-function genetic screen was established using the non-pathogenic M.smegmatis mc2 155 strain (Msmeg). This strain is fast growing and highly transformable. The host cell used was the human cell line THP-1, which in p ...
Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces vascular endothelial
... either preformed mediators or cytokines. This effect was mediated through activation of CRH receptor-1 and adenylate cyclase with increased intracellular cAMP. However, the precise mechanism by which CRH induces VEGF secretion has not yet been defined. Here, we show that CRH-induced VEGF release was ...
... either preformed mediators or cytokines. This effect was mediated through activation of CRH receptor-1 and adenylate cyclase with increased intracellular cAMP. However, the precise mechanism by which CRH induces VEGF secretion has not yet been defined. Here, we show that CRH-induced VEGF release was ...
The role of mTOR signaling in the regulation of protein synthesis
... atrophy should be focused on defining the mTOR-independent mechanism. In addition to this fundamental conclusion, the authors have also convincingly demonstrated that, during immobilization, the activation of mTOR signaling can prevent declines in protein synthesis and muscle mass. This observation ...
... atrophy should be focused on defining the mTOR-independent mechanism. In addition to this fundamental conclusion, the authors have also convincingly demonstrated that, during immobilization, the activation of mTOR signaling can prevent declines in protein synthesis and muscle mass. This observation ...
Boundless Study Slides
... • biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP, a second messenger derived from ATP that is involved in ...
... • biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP, a second messenger derived from ATP that is involved in ...
+Tec - Blood Journal
... cells. This peptide could not be detected in the lysate of 3T3 cells that do not express the tec message endogenously (data not shown). Therefore, we conclude that Tec type IV is a peptide of 70 kD in vivo. A peptide of approximately 80 kD observed in Fig 3, lane 32D, is of the nonspecific binding o ...
... cells. This peptide could not be detected in the lysate of 3T3 cells that do not express the tec message endogenously (data not shown). Therefore, we conclude that Tec type IV is a peptide of 70 kD in vivo. A peptide of approximately 80 kD observed in Fig 3, lane 32D, is of the nonspecific binding o ...
Cell Communication and Signaling
... factors involved in this process are widely unclear. It was reported that small Rho GTPases, including Cdc42, are activated and play a role during invasion, but the involved signaling cascades remained unknown. Here we utilised knockout cell lines derived from fibronectin-/-, integrin-beta1-/-, foca ...
... factors involved in this process are widely unclear. It was reported that small Rho GTPases, including Cdc42, are activated and play a role during invasion, but the involved signaling cascades remained unknown. Here we utilised knockout cell lines derived from fibronectin-/-, integrin-beta1-/-, foca ...
Jelena Raspopovic Molecular basis for digit patterning in the vertebrate limb
... Figure 13. The Progress Zone and the Early Specification models................................ 24 Figure 14. The Two-Signal model.................................................................................. 25 Figure 15. A schematic drawing explaining the ZPA grafting experiment. ............. ...
... Figure 13. The Progress Zone and the Early Specification models................................ 24 Figure 14. The Two-Signal model.................................................................................. 25 Figure 15. A schematic drawing explaining the ZPA grafting experiment. ............. ...
Homeostasis and the Importance for a Balance
... Fig. (1). Schematic diagram of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Insulin or insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation is shown to represent growth factor signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas ...
... Fig. (1). Schematic diagram of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Insulin or insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation is shown to represent growth factor signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas ...
The Glial Cell–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway
... sure et al., 1999; Rosenblad et al., 2000). The three-dimensional structure of GDNF has been determined at high resolution (Eigenbrot and Gerber, 1997). This structural information has made it possible to identify the surface residues in GDNF that are responsible for mediating interactions with GFR ...
... sure et al., 1999; Rosenblad et al., 2000). The three-dimensional structure of GDNF has been determined at high resolution (Eigenbrot and Gerber, 1997). This structural information has made it possible to identify the surface residues in GDNF that are responsible for mediating interactions with GFR ...
Lac Operon - Iowa State University
... 8. What is the function of cAMP in regulation of the lac operon? a) it activates a repressor protein b) it activates an activator protein c) it inactivates a repressor protein d) it inactivates an activator protein 9. 14. A mutant E. coli strain, grown under conditions that normally induce the lac o ...
... 8. What is the function of cAMP in regulation of the lac operon? a) it activates a repressor protein b) it activates an activator protein c) it inactivates a repressor protein d) it inactivates an activator protein 9. 14. A mutant E. coli strain, grown under conditions that normally induce the lac o ...
Cutting the nonsense: the degradation of PTC containing mRNAs
... segments. During the rearrangement of the V (variable), D (diversity) and J (joining) segments in these genes, nontemplated nucleotides are added or lost at the junctions between the recombination sites and hence two out of three cases result in a frameshift and a PTC downstream [3]. NMD is one of t ...
... segments. During the rearrangement of the V (variable), D (diversity) and J (joining) segments in these genes, nontemplated nucleotides are added or lost at the junctions between the recombination sites and hence two out of three cases result in a frameshift and a PTC downstream [3]. NMD is one of t ...
The Role of Target of Rapamycin Signaling
... insulin, and growth factors to control proliferation and temporal cell growth by promoting anabolic processes (e.g. translation, transcription, and ribosome biogenesis) but negatively regulating autophagy (Fig. 1C). Although mTOR has been shown to enter the nucleus to directly regulate transcription ...
... insulin, and growth factors to control proliferation and temporal cell growth by promoting anabolic processes (e.g. translation, transcription, and ribosome biogenesis) but negatively regulating autophagy (Fig. 1C). Although mTOR has been shown to enter the nucleus to directly regulate transcription ...
Natural Genetic Variation Modifies Gene Expression
... skeletal variation in stickleback fish (4), genetic variation commonly acts on traits by altering when, where, and how much genes are expressed (5,6). Understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts on gene expression patterns is therefore a major goal for the biological sciences. The e ...
... skeletal variation in stickleback fish (4), genetic variation commonly acts on traits by altering when, where, and how much genes are expressed (5,6). Understanding the mechanisms by which genetic variation acts on gene expression patterns is therefore a major goal for the biological sciences. The e ...
Churchill, a Zinc Finger Transcriptional Activator, Regulates the
... within 2 hr, but unless cells are exposed to other (unknown) signals, this expression is lost and cells revert to an epidermal fate. We have also found that 5 hr exposure to either organizer-derived (Hensen’s node) signals or to FGF8 are required to sensitize cells to BMP antagonists, which then sta ...
... within 2 hr, but unless cells are exposed to other (unknown) signals, this expression is lost and cells revert to an epidermal fate. We have also found that 5 hr exposure to either organizer-derived (Hensen’s node) signals or to FGF8 are required to sensitize cells to BMP antagonists, which then sta ...
Retinoic Acid and the Development of the Endoderm
... including the endoderm, which is the subject of this review. A significant role for RA signaling in the development of endoderm might appear somewhat surprising because endoderm is a germ layer of all multi-layered embryos, whereas the RA signaling system has often been described as a signaling syst ...
... including the endoderm, which is the subject of this review. A significant role for RA signaling in the development of endoderm might appear somewhat surprising because endoderm is a germ layer of all multi-layered embryos, whereas the RA signaling system has often been described as a signaling syst ...
CHAPTER 13 – PROKARYOTE GENES: E. COLI LAC OPERON
... With most organisms, every cell contains essentially the same genomic sequence. How then do cells develop and function differently from each other? The answer lies in the regulation of gene expression. Only a subset of all the genes is expressed (i.e. are function ...
... With most organisms, every cell contains essentially the same genomic sequence. How then do cells develop and function differently from each other? The answer lies in the regulation of gene expression. Only a subset of all the genes is expressed (i.e. are function ...
Salivary gland development in Drosophila
... segments when SCR is expressed everywhere, some downstream genes, such as fork head (fkh), are also induced in more posterior segments (Panzer et al., 1992). This observation suggests differences among salivary gland genes with respect to which anterior-posterior regulators limit their expression. H ...
... segments when SCR is expressed everywhere, some downstream genes, such as fork head (fkh), are also induced in more posterior segments (Panzer et al., 1992). This observation suggests differences among salivary gland genes with respect to which anterior-posterior regulators limit their expression. H ...
Flamingo controls the planar polarity of sensory
... affected in fz and dsh mutant backgrounds [5]. Therefore, the proper recruitment of Fmi from the cytoplasm to the cell–cell boundary depends on Fz signaling. It has been shown that Dsh can be selectively recruited to the membrane by Fz but not by Dfz2 [13]. Whether a similar mechanism is involved in ...
... affected in fz and dsh mutant backgrounds [5]. Therefore, the proper recruitment of Fmi from the cytoplasm to the cell–cell boundary depends on Fz signaling. It has been shown that Dsh can be selectively recruited to the membrane by Fz but not by Dfz2 [13]. Whether a similar mechanism is involved in ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.