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Regulated protein degradation controls PKA function and cell
... that CulA, FbxA, and RegA are found in a complex in vivo, and formation of this complex is dependent on the MAP kinase ERK2, which is also required for PKA function. We propose that CulA and FbxA regulate multicellular development by targeting RegA for degradation via a pathway that requires ERK2 fu ...
... that CulA, FbxA, and RegA are found in a complex in vivo, and formation of this complex is dependent on the MAP kinase ERK2, which is also required for PKA function. We propose that CulA and FbxA regulate multicellular development by targeting RegA for degradation via a pathway that requires ERK2 fu ...
Ro52: Structure and interactions of constructs of RING and B-box
... 6.1 Protein expression and purification ............................................................................. 33 6.1.1 IMAC of TEV protease – first time ........................................................................................ 33 6.1.2 IMAC of TEV protease – second time ...... ...
... 6.1 Protein expression and purification ............................................................................. 33 6.1.1 IMAC of TEV protease – first time ........................................................................................ 33 6.1.2 IMAC of TEV protease – second time ...... ...
Intracellular Redox Compartmentation and ROS
... interactor. The compartment on the right lacks this signaling mechanism. Such specificities could explain differences in ROS sensitivity between different compartments or between the same compartment under different conditions. A simple example based on a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism is shown, ...
... interactor. The compartment on the right lacks this signaling mechanism. Such specificities could explain differences in ROS sensitivity between different compartments or between the same compartment under different conditions. A simple example based on a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism is shown, ...
Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacterial pathogens
... Voynova et al. (2004) expressed the Staph. aureus Mvk protein in E. coli and purified and characterized it. Parallel experiments with heterologous eukaryotic mevalonate kinases indicated that the Staph. aureus Mvk is much less sensitive to feedback inhibition, although there are similarities in stru ...
... Voynova et al. (2004) expressed the Staph. aureus Mvk protein in E. coli and purified and characterized it. Parallel experiments with heterologous eukaryotic mevalonate kinases indicated that the Staph. aureus Mvk is much less sensitive to feedback inhibition, although there are similarities in stru ...
Protruding Vulva Mutants Identify Novel Loci and Wnt
... displayed a Pvl phenotype due to defects in VPC generation, fate determination, or fate execution from those that were Pvl due to defects in vulval morphogenesis, we examined 30–50 L4 stage hermaphrodites from each mutant line by Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy on a Zeiss Axio ...
... displayed a Pvl phenotype due to defects in VPC generation, fate determination, or fate execution from those that were Pvl due to defects in vulval morphogenesis, we examined 30–50 L4 stage hermaphrodites from each mutant line by Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy on a Zeiss Axio ...
Suppressor of Hairless and Presenilin phenotypes imply
... Fig. 3. Su(H) and Psn RNAi result in segmentation phenotypes. Embryos were injected with dsRNA for GFP (control) (A–C), Cs-Su(H)-1 (D–F), Cs-Su(H)-2 (G–I), or Cs-Psn (J–L). All panels show epi-fluorescence images. Embryos are stained with DAPI (bright blue staining) and for the segmental marker engr ...
... Fig. 3. Su(H) and Psn RNAi result in segmentation phenotypes. Embryos were injected with dsRNA for GFP (control) (A–C), Cs-Su(H)-1 (D–F), Cs-Su(H)-2 (G–I), or Cs-Psn (J–L). All panels show epi-fluorescence images. Embryos are stained with DAPI (bright blue staining) and for the segmental marker engr ...
Implications for Cancer Biology
... effectors for a growth factor- and nutrient-regulated signaling network containing the signaling proteins phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and target of rapamycin (TOR). We discuss how dysregulation of either the growth factor signal or the nutrient signal leads to uncontrolled growth. We focus ...
... effectors for a growth factor- and nutrient-regulated signaling network containing the signaling proteins phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and target of rapamycin (TOR). We discuss how dysregulation of either the growth factor signal or the nutrient signal leads to uncontrolled growth. We focus ...
The ventral and posterior expression of the zebrafish homeobox
... respectively. All these features reinforce the concept of unitary mechanisms in the early embryology of vertebrates and suggest that zebrafish can be used as a model for the studies concerning vertebrate gastrulation. However, it remains clear that most of our knowledge about vertebrate developmenta ...
... respectively. All these features reinforce the concept of unitary mechanisms in the early embryology of vertebrates and suggest that zebrafish can be used as a model for the studies concerning vertebrate gastrulation. However, it remains clear that most of our knowledge about vertebrate developmenta ...
Spemann`s organizer and the self-regulation of
... dorsal or head structures. Loss of structures can also be triggered by non-specific effects, and therefore ventral genes have received less attention than they deserve. Their investigation may prove a productive area in the future. In conclusion, the Spemann organizer of Xenopus provided a very prod ...
... dorsal or head structures. Loss of structures can also be triggered by non-specific effects, and therefore ventral genes have received less attention than they deserve. Their investigation may prove a productive area in the future. In conclusion, the Spemann organizer of Xenopus provided a very prod ...
Isolation of AtSUC2 promoter-GFP
... functionally different cell types. These microarray studies and EST collections, however, lacked expression pro®les for the companion cell-speci®c proton ATPase and sucrose/ proton symporter, as well as for the phloem-localized potassium channels. To bridge this gap, we applied the laser microdissec ...
... functionally different cell types. These microarray studies and EST collections, however, lacked expression pro®les for the companion cell-speci®c proton ATPase and sucrose/ proton symporter, as well as for the phloem-localized potassium channels. To bridge this gap, we applied the laser microdissec ...
SPI-1 encoded genes ofSalmonellaTyphimurium influence
... anti-inflammatory. The pro-inflammatory macrophages (also called M1 polarized or classically activated) comprise of inflammatory cells developed under stimulation by LPS and IFNγ. Such macrophages exhibit high phagocytic and antimicrobial activity and high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e ...
... anti-inflammatory. The pro-inflammatory macrophages (also called M1 polarized or classically activated) comprise of inflammatory cells developed under stimulation by LPS and IFNγ. Such macrophages exhibit high phagocytic and antimicrobial activity and high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e ...
Oxidative Stress Contributes to Autophagy
... methyl viologen (MV), indicating that oxidative stress triggers this process in algae (Pérez-Pérez et al., 2010, 2012a). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potent inducers of autophagy in C. reinhardtii and plants (Liu and Bassham, 2012; Pérez-Pérez et al., 2012b). Indeed, a link between photo-oxidat ...
... methyl viologen (MV), indicating that oxidative stress triggers this process in algae (Pérez-Pérez et al., 2010, 2012a). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potent inducers of autophagy in C. reinhardtii and plants (Liu and Bassham, 2012; Pérez-Pérez et al., 2012b). Indeed, a link between photo-oxidat ...
Engineering Tyrosine-Based Electron Flow Pathways in Proteins
... phenylalanines that can be selectively mutated to tyrosine residues, provides an ideal protein with which to study such through-protein electron transfer pathways and ways to manipulate them. Two surface exposed phenylalanines that are close to the heme have been mutated to tyrosines (F42Y, F98Y). I ...
... phenylalanines that can be selectively mutated to tyrosine residues, provides an ideal protein with which to study such through-protein electron transfer pathways and ways to manipulate them. Two surface exposed phenylalanines that are close to the heme have been mutated to tyrosines (F42Y, F98Y). I ...
The expression of a zebrafish gene homologous to Drosophila snail
... A and bFGF, suggesting an in vivo regulation of the transcription factors by the peptide growth factors. xbra is induced directly as an immediate-early response (Smith et al., 1991), while it is not known whether the induction of xsna is mediated by another gene product (Sargent and Bennett, 1989). ...
... A and bFGF, suggesting an in vivo regulation of the transcription factors by the peptide growth factors. xbra is induced directly as an immediate-early response (Smith et al., 1991), while it is not known whether the induction of xsna is mediated by another gene product (Sargent and Bennett, 1989). ...
HIC-5 Is a Novel Repressor of Lymphoid Enhancer Factor/T
... exception of this conserved exon, the sequence between the -cateninbinding domain and the HMG box is less conserved and only poorly characterized. In addition to the modulators of LEF/TCF activity mentioned above, steroid receptors not only bind -catenin (14, 15), but also interact directly with T ...
... exception of this conserved exon, the sequence between the -cateninbinding domain and the HMG box is less conserved and only poorly characterized. In addition to the modulators of LEF/TCF activity mentioned above, steroid receptors not only bind -catenin (14, 15), but also interact directly with T ...
Detection of plum pox potyviral protein–protein interactions in planta
... analysed using different YTH systems (Hong et al., 1995; Li et al., 1997; Guo et al., 1999; Merits et al., 1999; UrcuquiInchima et al., 1999; Choi et al., 2000; López et al., 2001; Roudet-Tavert et al., 2002; Yambao et al., 2003; Seo et al., 2010). Moreover, complete interaction maps of potyviral p ...
... analysed using different YTH systems (Hong et al., 1995; Li et al., 1997; Guo et al., 1999; Merits et al., 1999; UrcuquiInchima et al., 1999; Choi et al., 2000; López et al., 2001; Roudet-Tavert et al., 2002; Yambao et al., 2003; Seo et al., 2010). Moreover, complete interaction maps of potyviral p ...
Cytokinin Lecture
... • Understanding the physiological roles of cytokinins (and their relationship with auxin) come from mutant analysis. ...
... • Understanding the physiological roles of cytokinins (and their relationship with auxin) come from mutant analysis. ...
A Cyanobacterial Chlorophyll Synthase-HliD
... PsaA/B core proteins of PSI (see Supplemental Table 1 for identified peptides). Of these, SDS-PAGE of the control eluate resolved only weakly staining bands of PsaA/B (Figure 1A). Using specific antibodies, we confirmed the presence of Ycf39, YidC, and HliD in the FLAG-ChlG eluate, all of which were ab ...
... PsaA/B core proteins of PSI (see Supplemental Table 1 for identified peptides). Of these, SDS-PAGE of the control eluate resolved only weakly staining bands of PsaA/B (Figure 1A). Using specific antibodies, we confirmed the presence of Ycf39, YidC, and HliD in the FLAG-ChlG eluate, all of which were ab ...
The unfolded protein response: controlling cell fate
... by inhibiting translation (which is dependent on the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiator factor 2α (eIF2α)), activating mRNA decay by regulated inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)dependent decay (RIDD), and activating autophagy throug ...
... by inhibiting translation (which is dependent on the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiator factor 2α (eIF2α)), activating mRNA decay by regulated inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)dependent decay (RIDD), and activating autophagy throug ...
Usha`s project - The University of Texas at Dallas
... relationship from the alignments of protein sequences. Since then many sequence databases have been established and their relationship detected using dynamic programming algorithms that is popular in computer science. These methods handle the insertions and deletions occurring between distant evolut ...
... relationship from the alignments of protein sequences. Since then many sequence databases have been established and their relationship detected using dynamic programming algorithms that is popular in computer science. These methods handle the insertions and deletions occurring between distant evolut ...
Drosophila unpaired encodes a secreted protein that activates the
... Mechanistically, the JAK/STAT pathway provides a direct means to respond to extracellular signals (for review, see Darnell 1997; Ihle et al. 1997). The first step in activation is binding of the extracellular ligand to the appropriate transmembrane receptor. Ligand binding typically induces receptor ...
... Mechanistically, the JAK/STAT pathway provides a direct means to respond to extracellular signals (for review, see Darnell 1997; Ihle et al. 1997). The first step in activation is binding of the extracellular ligand to the appropriate transmembrane receptor. Ligand binding typically induces receptor ...
Limitations of Allotopic Expression of Mitochondrial Genes in
... the highly hydrophobic character of the mitochondrial-coded apocytochrome b (A), ND4 (C), and to a lesser extent ATPase 8 (B). For comparison purposes the profiles of the two controls used in the in vivo import experiments, mitochondrial-targeted Lysyl-tRNALys aminoacyl synthetase (HKS) and EGFP, ar ...
... the highly hydrophobic character of the mitochondrial-coded apocytochrome b (A), ND4 (C), and to a lesser extent ATPase 8 (B). For comparison purposes the profiles of the two controls used in the in vivo import experiments, mitochondrial-targeted Lysyl-tRNALys aminoacyl synthetase (HKS) and EGFP, ar ...
Not Every Disulfide Lasts Forever: Disulfide Bond
... are as hypersensitive to H 2O2 as are cells that harbor an oxyR deletion. Optimal transcriptional activity, however, also requires the presence of Cys208. Mutant OxyR missing all four nonconserved cysteines (OxyR4C Þ A) has wild type activity in vitro and in vivo (73). To elucidate the activation me ...
... are as hypersensitive to H 2O2 as are cells that harbor an oxyR deletion. Optimal transcriptional activity, however, also requires the presence of Cys208. Mutant OxyR missing all four nonconserved cysteines (OxyR4C Þ A) has wild type activity in vitro and in vivo (73). To elucidate the activation me ...
A Genomic Screen in Yeast Reveals Novel Aspects of
... A genomic screen identifies mutants that suppress a his3-nonstop mutation: Nonstop mRNA decay is not an essential process in yeast (van Hoof et al. 2002). In addition, mutations that inactivate nonstop mRNA decay partially suppress a his3-nonstop allele. Specifically, van Hoof et al. (2002) showed t ...
... A genomic screen identifies mutants that suppress a his3-nonstop mutation: Nonstop mRNA decay is not an essential process in yeast (van Hoof et al. 2002). In addition, mutations that inactivate nonstop mRNA decay partially suppress a his3-nonstop allele. Specifically, van Hoof et al. (2002) showed t ...
Protein 4.2 interaction with hereditary spherocytosis mutants of the
... cells. The mdAE1, which is missing the cytoplasmic domain, is unable to bind protein 4.2 [8] and was included in the present studies as a negative control. A truncated kidney isoform of AE1 (kAE1) is missing the first 65 amino acids [19], which are shown in red in Figure 1 (left-hand panel) and incl ...
... cells. The mdAE1, which is missing the cytoplasmic domain, is unable to bind protein 4.2 [8] and was included in the present studies as a negative control. A truncated kidney isoform of AE1 (kAE1) is missing the first 65 amino acids [19], which are shown in red in Figure 1 (left-hand panel) and incl ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.