![Maternal and Zygotic Control of Zebrafish Dorsoventral Axial](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/006096679_1-78bf3781e368bdc6869baf64377415a4-300x300.png)
Maternal and Zygotic Control of Zebrafish Dorsoventral Axial
... release the dorsal determinant(s) to be transported by alternate means to the prospective dorsal-marginal blastomeres (93). Zebrafish maternal tokkaebi mutants lack Syntabulin and therefore are unable to initiate the transport of the dorsal determinant(s), resulting in a failure to activate Wnt signa ...
... release the dorsal determinant(s) to be transported by alternate means to the prospective dorsal-marginal blastomeres (93). Zebrafish maternal tokkaebi mutants lack Syntabulin and therefore are unable to initiate the transport of the dorsal determinant(s), resulting in a failure to activate Wnt signa ...
Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral responses
... induction of IFN-β occurs primarily at the level of transcriptional initiation (see Fig. 2). The key induction event is the redistribution from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of the transcription factor NF-κB (Lenardo et al., 1989 ; Visvanathan & Goodbourn, 1989). NF-κB plays a role in the transcripti ...
... induction of IFN-β occurs primarily at the level of transcriptional initiation (see Fig. 2). The key induction event is the redistribution from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of the transcription factor NF-κB (Lenardo et al., 1989 ; Visvanathan & Goodbourn, 1989). NF-κB plays a role in the transcripti ...
Plant Signaling and Behavior
... Actin microfilaments run along the length of the root hair from the tip to the base. Upon Nod factor application, these filaments begin to break down and accumulate at the root hair tip.27 Within minutes of Nod factor application, the root hair tips begin to bulge. Actin microfilaments at this stage ...
... Actin microfilaments run along the length of the root hair from the tip to the base. Upon Nod factor application, these filaments begin to break down and accumulate at the root hair tip.27 Within minutes of Nod factor application, the root hair tips begin to bulge. Actin microfilaments at this stage ...
Ubiquitination and sumoylation of the HTLV-2 κB activity: a
... encompassing the four C-terminal amino acids responsible for the binding to several PDZ domain-containing proteins [16-18]. In addition, some HTLV-2 subtypes express shorter versions of Tax-2 (namely Tax-2A and Tax-2CG) which, contrary to Tax-2B, do not functionally inactivate p53 [10,19]. Recent st ...
... encompassing the four C-terminal amino acids responsible for the binding to several PDZ domain-containing proteins [16-18]. In addition, some HTLV-2 subtypes express shorter versions of Tax-2 (namely Tax-2A and Tax-2CG) which, contrary to Tax-2B, do not functionally inactivate p53 [10,19]. Recent st ...
Influence of Notch on dorsoventral
... compartmentalization (Micchelli and Blair, 1999; Rauskolb et al., 1999), but there are crucial differences between the action of Notch at the DV boundary and that of Hh at the AP boundary. Signaling between dorsal and ventral compartments is bidirectional, rather than unidirectional. Additionally, n ...
... compartmentalization (Micchelli and Blair, 1999; Rauskolb et al., 1999), but there are crucial differences between the action of Notch at the DV boundary and that of Hh at the AP boundary. Signaling between dorsal and ventral compartments is bidirectional, rather than unidirectional. Additionally, n ...
Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsalventral body axis
... The pathway that generates the dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of the Drosophila embryo has been the subject of intense investigation over the previous three decades. The initial asymmetric signal originates during oogenesis by the movement of the oocyte nucleus to an anterior corner of the oocyte, which e ...
... The pathway that generates the dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of the Drosophila embryo has been the subject of intense investigation over the previous three decades. The initial asymmetric signal originates during oogenesis by the movement of the oocyte nucleus to an anterior corner of the oocyte, which e ...
Role of Ime4 Protein in PHO Regulon of S.cerevisiae.
... extensive post-transcriptional modification, including 5’ capping of the pre mRNA by 7methylguanosine, 3’ polyadenylation, and removal of introns and ligation of exons to give rise to final transcripts. These processing reactions occur during or shortly after transcription. The second most common fo ...
... extensive post-transcriptional modification, including 5’ capping of the pre mRNA by 7methylguanosine, 3’ polyadenylation, and removal of introns and ligation of exons to give rise to final transcripts. These processing reactions occur during or shortly after transcription. The second most common fo ...
Fibroblast activation protein is induced by
... agents. Although MMPs and cysteine proteases have been well characterized as protease targets, the role of serine proteases in this context has not been investigated. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound, constitutively active serine protease expressed by activated fibroblasts in ...
... agents. Although MMPs and cysteine proteases have been well characterized as protease targets, the role of serine proteases in this context has not been investigated. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound, constitutively active serine protease expressed by activated fibroblasts in ...
Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids
... [14,16] – converting it from the active GTP-bound state to the inactive GDP-bound state. The TSC complex, whose loss underlies a hamartomatous syndrome of the same name [17,18], serves as a central hub for numerous extracellular and intracellular inputs including mitogen and growth factor signaling ...
... [14,16] – converting it from the active GTP-bound state to the inactive GDP-bound state. The TSC complex, whose loss underlies a hamartomatous syndrome of the same name [17,18], serves as a central hub for numerous extracellular and intracellular inputs including mitogen and growth factor signaling ...
CHAPTER FOUR Pseudomonas aeruginosa INFLUENCED PLANKTONIC AND BIOFILM POPULATIONS BASED UPON
... sessile multicellular communities known as biofilms (Costerton et al., 1987; 1995). The transition to surface-attached (biofilm) growth is known to result in diverse changes in gene expression, which causes the attaching cells to become phenotypically and metabolically distinct from their planktonic ...
... sessile multicellular communities known as biofilms (Costerton et al., 1987; 1995). The transition to surface-attached (biofilm) growth is known to result in diverse changes in gene expression, which causes the attaching cells to become phenotypically and metabolically distinct from their planktonic ...
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... may also be operative in other organisms. Such 3⬘ UTRmediated transcript stability has been reported for mRNAs encoding cytokines (6), but this work demonstrates that this mechanism can also operate for the Notch receptor. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for the ERK pathway in regulating N ...
... may also be operative in other organisms. Such 3⬘ UTRmediated transcript stability has been reported for mRNAs encoding cytokines (6), but this work demonstrates that this mechanism can also operate for the Notch receptor. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for the ERK pathway in regulating N ...
Regulation of Tcell receptor signaling by the actin cytoskeleton and
... As the size scale of TCR signaling microclusters is amenable to conventional fluorescence microscopy, their general composition and dynamics have been studied by microscopy for years. However, the submicroscopic scale has only recently been accessible via microscopy through the development of super- ...
... As the size scale of TCR signaling microclusters is amenable to conventional fluorescence microscopy, their general composition and dynamics have been studied by microscopy for years. However, the submicroscopic scale has only recently been accessible via microscopy through the development of super- ...
Two dileucine motifs mediate late endosomal/lysosomal targeting of
... DXXLL-type dileucine signals recruit GGA proteins (Golgilocalized, γ -ear-containing, Arf-binding proteins), a different class of monomeric clathrin adaptors functioning at the TGN [13]. Lysosomal membrane proteins can travel from the TGN via a direct route to endosomes and from there to lysosomes, ...
... DXXLL-type dileucine signals recruit GGA proteins (Golgilocalized, γ -ear-containing, Arf-binding proteins), a different class of monomeric clathrin adaptors functioning at the TGN [13]. Lysosomal membrane proteins can travel from the TGN via a direct route to endosomes and from there to lysosomes, ...
Biogenesis of the Protein Storage Vacuole Crystalloid
... functionally (Jiang and Rogers, 1998), less is known of mechanisms for sorting into dense vesicles and of intermediate compartments on the pathways to the PSV. Physical aggregation may serve as a sorting mechanism (Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998), but there are suggestions in the literature that some type ...
... functionally (Jiang and Rogers, 1998), less is known of mechanisms for sorting into dense vesicles and of intermediate compartments on the pathways to the PSV. Physical aggregation may serve as a sorting mechanism (Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998), but there are suggestions in the literature that some type ...
Biogenesis of the Protein Storage Vacuole Crystalloid
... functionally (Jiang and Rogers, 1998), less is known of mechanisms for sorting into dense vesicles and of intermediate compartments on the pathways to the PSV. Physical aggregation may serve as a sorting mechanism (Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998), but there are suggestions in the literature that some type ...
... functionally (Jiang and Rogers, 1998), less is known of mechanisms for sorting into dense vesicles and of intermediate compartments on the pathways to the PSV. Physical aggregation may serve as a sorting mechanism (Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998), but there are suggestions in the literature that some type ...
Changes in Typical Organelles in Developing Cotyledons of Soybean
... stained by PAS, CBB and osmium and could also be distinguished from other structures by their spherical shape . Their number and size increased around 30 OAF. Until they are better understood, we are calling these organelles protein-lipidsugar ( PLS) bodies because they are stained by reagents which ...
... stained by PAS, CBB and osmium and could also be distinguished from other structures by their spherical shape . Their number and size increased around 30 OAF. Until they are better understood, we are calling these organelles protein-lipidsugar ( PLS) bodies because they are stained by reagents which ...
Cooperation between upstream and downstream
... In vitro transcription was performed as described in Materials and Methods with wt extracts (wt, top and middle series of lanes) or dl extracts (dl, bottom lanes), in the presence of the PCR-amplified MLP templates (60 ng) or rabbit /3-globin template (glob, 400 ng), as indicated. Intact (+) or alte ...
... In vitro transcription was performed as described in Materials and Methods with wt extracts (wt, top and middle series of lanes) or dl extracts (dl, bottom lanes), in the presence of the PCR-amplified MLP templates (60 ng) or rabbit /3-globin template (glob, 400 ng), as indicated. Intact (+) or alte ...
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development
... The posterior necrotic zone, an area of massive cell death present during chick wing development, seems to co-localize with the polarising region, and in other systems cell death has been shown to control cell number. Therefore, we examined cell death after the above manipulations, which we had foun ...
... The posterior necrotic zone, an area of massive cell death present during chick wing development, seems to co-localize with the polarising region, and in other systems cell death has been shown to control cell number. Therefore, we examined cell death after the above manipulations, which we had foun ...
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... at the third instar larval stage of development, when organs are still growing, and not at the mid-pupal stage of development, when apoptosis removes supernumerary cells in the D. melanogaster eye. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ft and Ex control SWH pathway activity in the D. melanogaster eye in a ...
... at the third instar larval stage of development, when organs are still growing, and not at the mid-pupal stage of development, when apoptosis removes supernumerary cells in the D. melanogaster eye. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ft and Ex control SWH pathway activity in the D. melanogaster eye in a ...
Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction from Receptor Kinases to
... BRI1 and BAK1 show basal levels of kinase activities in vitro, which are increased by the corresponding partner (52). In yeast, kinase activity is detected only when wild type BRI1 and BAK1 are coexpressed but is not detected when either BRI1 or BAK1 is mutated or absent (60). These results suggest ...
... BRI1 and BAK1 show basal levels of kinase activities in vitro, which are increased by the corresponding partner (52). In yeast, kinase activity is detected only when wild type BRI1 and BAK1 are coexpressed but is not detected when either BRI1 or BAK1 is mutated or absent (60). These results suggest ...
Intracellular Redox Compartmentation and ROS
... of reducing power and production of ATP. Because the processes of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport generally occur in an oxygen-rich environment, transfer of electrons or energy to oxygen is inevitable, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hy ...
... of reducing power and production of ATP. Because the processes of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport generally occur in an oxygen-rich environment, transfer of electrons or energy to oxygen is inevitable, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hy ...
Nucleoredoxin and Wnt signaling in F9 cells
... Studying EMTs, and in particular the transition to ExE, is difficult to study in vivo. Fortunately, researchers have been able to utilize the mouse F9 teratocarinoma cell line as a model to mimic this process in vitro [6, 7]. The F9 cell line was established by grafting 6-day old embryos into host t ...
... Studying EMTs, and in particular the transition to ExE, is difficult to study in vivo. Fortunately, researchers have been able to utilize the mouse F9 teratocarinoma cell line as a model to mimic this process in vitro [6, 7]. The F9 cell line was established by grafting 6-day old embryos into host t ...
Signaling Mechanisms That Regulate Smooth Muscle Cell
... A critical step in the activation of SMC-specific gene expression is SRF binding to CArG elements, and several mechanisms regulate this interaction. High SRF expression in all 3 muscle cell types likely promotes SRF binding to the relatively low affinity CArG elements present within the musclespecif ...
... A critical step in the activation of SMC-specific gene expression is SRF binding to CArG elements, and several mechanisms regulate this interaction. High SRF expression in all 3 muscle cell types likely promotes SRF binding to the relatively low affinity CArG elements present within the musclespecif ...
Precursor of human adenovirus core polypeptide Mu targets the
... (EGFP). We determined that preMu is exclusively a nucleolar protein with a single nucleolar accumulation signal within the Mu sequence. In addition, we noted that both preMu–EGFP and Mu–EGFP are excluded from adenovirus DNA-binding protein (DBP)-rich replication centres in adenovirus-infected cells. ...
... (EGFP). We determined that preMu is exclusively a nucleolar protein with a single nucleolar accumulation signal within the Mu sequence. In addition, we noted that both preMu–EGFP and Mu–EGFP are excluded from adenovirus DNA-binding protein (DBP)-rich replication centres in adenovirus-infected cells. ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.