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to get the file - Oxford Brookes University
... distinct from the mammalian system and interacts differently with the cytoskeleton (Boevink et al., 1998; Brandizzi et al., 2002; NebenfuÈhr et al., 1999), so it may not be possible to identify the underlying molecular machinery by similarity to yeast and mammalian sequences. Multicellularity arose ...
... distinct from the mammalian system and interacts differently with the cytoskeleton (Boevink et al., 1998; Brandizzi et al., 2002; NebenfuÈhr et al., 1999), so it may not be possible to identify the underlying molecular machinery by similarity to yeast and mammalian sequences. Multicellularity arose ...
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) RNA Binding Protein
... NCBInr_20131127 database (selected for Viruses, 1250796 entries or ISAV Glesvaer strain, 10 entries) and NCBInr_20131127 database (selected for Other Actinopterygii, 364677 entries) assuming the digestion enzyme trypsin. Mascot was searched with a fragment ion mass tolerance of 0.60 Da and a parent ...
... NCBInr_20131127 database (selected for Viruses, 1250796 entries or ISAV Glesvaer strain, 10 entries) and NCBInr_20131127 database (selected for Other Actinopterygii, 364677 entries) assuming the digestion enzyme trypsin. Mascot was searched with a fragment ion mass tolerance of 0.60 Da and a parent ...
Small Signaling Peptides in Arabidopsis Development
... such as potential secreted signaling peptides, are less likely to be directly hit by a T-DNA. To complicate matters further, the functional redundancy of some signaling peptides can mask phenotypes when only one family member is successfully disrupted. Nevertheless, two signaling peptides have been ...
... such as potential secreted signaling peptides, are less likely to be directly hit by a T-DNA. To complicate matters further, the functional redundancy of some signaling peptides can mask phenotypes when only one family member is successfully disrupted. Nevertheless, two signaling peptides have been ...
the ask1-map kinase cascades in mammalian stress response
... ASk1 activated with death receptor ligands ( TNFα and Fas ligand) Also activated by cytotoxic stresses: H2O2, anticancer drugs and growth ...
... ASk1 activated with death receptor ligands ( TNFα and Fas ligand) Also activated by cytotoxic stresses: H2O2, anticancer drugs and growth ...
Coordinated regulation of sulfur and phospholipid metabolism reflects the importance of methylation in the growth of yeast
... One possible reason for this failure is that many genes have multiple cellular roles and participate in indirect or condition-specific genetic interactions that are difficult to identify and understand mechanistically. Likewise, many metabolites participate in multiple reactions, leading to complex ...
... One possible reason for this failure is that many genes have multiple cellular roles and participate in indirect or condition-specific genetic interactions that are difficult to identify and understand mechanistically. Likewise, many metabolites participate in multiple reactions, leading to complex ...
non-RD - Crop Genetics Innovation
... of phosphorylation events trigger the formation of secondary IRAK1 signaling complexes that dissociate from the receptor complex and ultimately lead to activation of the transcription factor NFkB and mobilization of the innate immune response [11,12]. The RLK/Pelle family in plants underwent a dram ...
... of phosphorylation events trigger the formation of secondary IRAK1 signaling complexes that dissociate from the receptor complex and ultimately lead to activation of the transcription factor NFkB and mobilization of the innate immune response [11,12]. The RLK/Pelle family in plants underwent a dram ...
JNK Regulates MCP-1 Expression in Adenovirus Type 19
... TNF-␣, and to lipopolysaccharide.6 We previously demonstrated, by DNA microarray studies, increased MCP-1 mRNA expression in Ad19-infected keratocytes in vitro.11,12 However, the mechanism(s) that mediate MCP-1 production in keratocytes remain largely unknown. One means by which signals from extrace ...
... TNF-␣, and to lipopolysaccharide.6 We previously demonstrated, by DNA microarray studies, increased MCP-1 mRNA expression in Ad19-infected keratocytes in vitro.11,12 However, the mechanism(s) that mediate MCP-1 production in keratocytes remain largely unknown. One means by which signals from extrace ...
Phospholipase C-γ1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for
... does not require guanine nucleotides, but does require the Cterminal proline-rich domain (PRD) of dynamin-1. Dynamin’s PRD participates in the interaction with a large number of SH3 domain-containing proteins such as amphiphysin, intersectin, endophillin and Grb2 (David et al., 1996; Ringstad et al. ...
... does not require guanine nucleotides, but does require the Cterminal proline-rich domain (PRD) of dynamin-1. Dynamin’s PRD participates in the interaction with a large number of SH3 domain-containing proteins such as amphiphysin, intersectin, endophillin and Grb2 (David et al., 1996; Ringstad et al. ...
Association of CAD, a multifunctional protein involved in pyrimidine
... protein toward Rheb and thereby negatively regulate mTORC1. mTORC2, on the other hand, has rictor, mLST8, mSin1, DEPTOR, and Protor, and mediates growth factor signals but not those of nutrients to catalyze the phosphorylation of some AGC protein kinases such as Akt, SGK, and PKCα [2,3]. mLST8 is a ...
... protein toward Rheb and thereby negatively regulate mTORC1. mTORC2, on the other hand, has rictor, mLST8, mSin1, DEPTOR, and Protor, and mediates growth factor signals but not those of nutrients to catalyze the phosphorylation of some AGC protein kinases such as Akt, SGK, and PKCα [2,3]. mLST8 is a ...
Cell Signaling during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress
... including RD29A, KIN1, COR15A, HSP70 and ADH was enhanced in the fry1 mutant, the induction of another stressresponsive gene, COR47, was not enhanced compared with its expression in the wild type. This implies that COR47 might be regulated through a pathway different from that used by the other gene ...
... including RD29A, KIN1, COR15A, HSP70 and ADH was enhanced in the fry1 mutant, the induction of another stressresponsive gene, COR47, was not enhanced compared with its expression in the wild type. This implies that COR47 might be regulated through a pathway different from that used by the other gene ...
Spermatogenesis
... Ward et al., 1981; Wolf et al., 1978) and these cellular events are reviewed in Figure 1. The primary spermatocyte initially forms in syncytium with a cytoplasmic core called the rachis. Upon entering meiosis, the primary spermatocyte buds off the rachis and completes development without any require ...
... Ward et al., 1981; Wolf et al., 1978) and these cellular events are reviewed in Figure 1. The primary spermatocyte initially forms in syncytium with a cytoplasmic core called the rachis. Upon entering meiosis, the primary spermatocyte buds off the rachis and completes development without any require ...
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for
... compensatory growth rather than a localized regeneration ...
... compensatory growth rather than a localized regeneration ...
Monitoring the Disassembly of Virus
... encapsulating materials such as proteins,4,5 synthetic polymers,6,7 oligonucleotides,8,9 and smaller molecules.10,11 Furthermore, their protein surface can be used to append different functional groups, ligands or antigens for targeting,12−14 imaging,15 vaccination,16,17 and other biomedical18,19 pur ...
... encapsulating materials such as proteins,4,5 synthetic polymers,6,7 oligonucleotides,8,9 and smaller molecules.10,11 Furthermore, their protein surface can be used to append different functional groups, ligands or antigens for targeting,12−14 imaging,15 vaccination,16,17 and other biomedical18,19 pur ...
The Drosophila wing differentiation factor Vestigial
... wing disc has been postulated based on the phenotype of vg mutants and vg mutant clonal analysis.4,26 However, other investigators have argued that vg does not induce proliferation but only transdetermination.27,28 To clearly establish the role of vg and sd in proliferation, we overexpressed the Dro ...
... wing disc has been postulated based on the phenotype of vg mutants and vg mutant clonal analysis.4,26 However, other investigators have argued that vg does not induce proliferation but only transdetermination.27,28 To clearly establish the role of vg and sd in proliferation, we overexpressed the Dro ...
available here - Webvision
... Figure 6. Effects of TH signaling on rod photoreceptor viability. (A-B) Stimulating TH signaling causes rod degeneration in Cngb3-/- (A) and Gucy2e-/- (B) mice. Mice received T3 treatment for 30 days, beginning on P1. At the end of the treatment, retinal morphometric analysis was performed on retina ...
... Figure 6. Effects of TH signaling on rod photoreceptor viability. (A-B) Stimulating TH signaling causes rod degeneration in Cngb3-/- (A) and Gucy2e-/- (B) mice. Mice received T3 treatment for 30 days, beginning on P1. At the end of the treatment, retinal morphometric analysis was performed on retina ...
Intraflagellar transport protein 172 is essential for primary cilia
... that operates in cilia where it is transported along microtubules between the cell body and the tip of these external cell organelles. Mutations that affect components of the IFT machinery are known to compromise the formation and function of cilia (reviewed in Rosenbaum and Witman, 2002; Scholey an ...
... that operates in cilia where it is transported along microtubules between the cell body and the tip of these external cell organelles. Mutations that affect components of the IFT machinery are known to compromise the formation and function of cilia (reviewed in Rosenbaum and Witman, 2002; Scholey an ...
Drosophila tools and assays for the study of human diseases
... valuable for the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying genetic phenomena, behavior and development. Approximately 65% of human disease-causing genes are believed to have a functional homolog in flies (Chien et al., 2002; Yamamoto et al., 2014) and a significant fraction of these homologs are ...
... valuable for the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying genetic phenomena, behavior and development. Approximately 65% of human disease-causing genes are believed to have a functional homolog in flies (Chien et al., 2002; Yamamoto et al., 2014) and a significant fraction of these homologs are ...
Role for Adenosine Triphosphate in Regulating the Assembly and
... appropriate temperature. For experiments which required depletion of cellular ATP, the labeling medium lacked glucose (Batch et al., 1986). Resuspended cells were transferred to a glass test tube preequilibrated in a water bath at the indicated temperature (32~ for wild type and 39~ for ts045). Afte ...
... appropriate temperature. For experiments which required depletion of cellular ATP, the labeling medium lacked glucose (Batch et al., 1986). Resuspended cells were transferred to a glass test tube preequilibrated in a water bath at the indicated temperature (32~ for wild type and 39~ for ts045). Afte ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis SOD1
... component, such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and neuropathic pain (15, 16). Recent articles reported that P2X7 receptor expression and modulation are linked to neuroinflammation in human ALS and in different animal models for the disease (17, 18). ...
... component, such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and neuropathic pain (15, 16). Recent articles reported that P2X7 receptor expression and modulation are linked to neuroinflammation in human ALS and in different animal models for the disease (17, 18). ...
The Brd gene family and the N pathway
... transcripts (Lai and Posakony, 1998). Moreover, all possess at least one high-affinity binding site for Su(H) in their proximal upstream regions, and thus may be subject to direct transcriptional regulation by this key component of the N pathway. Consistent with this, we show that Brd family genes a ...
... transcripts (Lai and Posakony, 1998). Moreover, all possess at least one high-affinity binding site for Su(H) in their proximal upstream regions, and thus may be subject to direct transcriptional regulation by this key component of the N pathway. Consistent with this, we show that Brd family genes a ...
E ect of SB 203580 on the activity of c-Raf in vitro and in vivo
... members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, but other members of this gene family are insensitive to SB 203580. These include SAPK3 (p38g) and SAPK4 (p38d) whose amino acid sequences are 60% identical to SAPK2a/p38 or SAPK2b/p38b2 (Goedert et al., 1997). SB 203580 also fails to inh ...
... members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, but other members of this gene family are insensitive to SB 203580. These include SAPK3 (p38g) and SAPK4 (p38d) whose amino acid sequences are 60% identical to SAPK2a/p38 or SAPK2b/p38b2 (Goedert et al., 1997). SB 203580 also fails to inh ...
Systems-Level Comparison of Host-Responses Elicited by Avian
... protein 1-b (CCL4L1), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetateinduced protein 1 (PMAIP1). Gene Ontology and pathway over-representation analysis was then performed on this subset of genes, as well as the 49 genes differentially expressed in response to H5N1 only. Results from both genesets were similar t ...
... protein 1-b (CCL4L1), and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetateinduced protein 1 (PMAIP1). Gene Ontology and pathway over-representation analysis was then performed on this subset of genes, as well as the 49 genes differentially expressed in response to H5N1 only. Results from both genesets were similar t ...
The cell biology of bone metabolism
... factor)-b superfamily.52–55 They are so named for their osteoinductive properties, and regulate differentiation of mesenchymal cells into components of bone, cartilage or adipose tissue.52 TGF-b/BMP ligand signal is mediated by heterodimeric receptor serine/threonine protein kinases (receptor types ...
... factor)-b superfamily.52–55 They are so named for their osteoinductive properties, and regulate differentiation of mesenchymal cells into components of bone, cartilage or adipose tissue.52 TGF-b/BMP ligand signal is mediated by heterodimeric receptor serine/threonine protein kinases (receptor types ...
the emerging significance of cAMP efflux a
... adenylyl cyclases , which differ considerably in their cellular distribution and activation mechanisms. Once produced, cyclic AMP may act via distinct intracellular signaling effectors such as protein kinase A and the exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epacs). More recently, attention has been foc ...
... adenylyl cyclases , which differ considerably in their cellular distribution and activation mechanisms. Once produced, cyclic AMP may act via distinct intracellular signaling effectors such as protein kinase A and the exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epacs). More recently, attention has been foc ...
Identification of the Protein Storage Vacuole
... phaseolin, a storage protein found in the seed of the common bean (Müntz, 1998), in protoplasts of Arabidopsis leaf tissues. First, we examined the expression pattern of phaseolin by protein-blot analysis using a polyclonal antiphaseolin antiserum. As shown in Figure 1A, at 24 h after transformatio ...
... phaseolin, a storage protein found in the seed of the common bean (Müntz, 1998), in protoplasts of Arabidopsis leaf tissues. First, we examined the expression pattern of phaseolin by protein-blot analysis using a polyclonal antiphaseolin antiserum. As shown in Figure 1A, at 24 h after transformatio ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Denticlebands.png?width=300)
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.