Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 play a crucial role in the patterning of
... 2998 C. Fromental-Ramain and others phological variability between species results from the absence of some branching events, absence of chondrification or ossification, differential growth or secondary fusions between condensations (Müller, 1991). Members of the Hox gene family are believed to reg ...
... 2998 C. Fromental-Ramain and others phological variability between species results from the absence of some branching events, absence of chondrification or ossification, differential growth or secondary fusions between condensations (Müller, 1991). Members of the Hox gene family are believed to reg ...
Increased Agonist Affinity at the
... in effector readout. A large receptor reserve or efficient receptor– effector coupling can limit the downstream measurement of receptor desensitization. That is, a significant number of receptors can be desensitized while having little effect on effector activity if an efficacious agonist is used at ...
... in effector readout. A large receptor reserve or efficient receptor– effector coupling can limit the downstream measurement of receptor desensitization. That is, a significant number of receptors can be desensitized while having little effect on effector activity if an efficacious agonist is used at ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... JOHN M. KYRIAKIS AND JOSEPH AVRUCH Diabetes Research Laboratory, Medical Services, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts ...
... JOHN M. KYRIAKIS AND JOSEPH AVRUCH Diabetes Research Laboratory, Medical Services, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts ...
Evolution of Brachyury proteins: identification of a novel regulatory
... The surprising diversity of the roles of Brachyury in metazoans, and the availability of full-length cDNAs for orthologues from all major phyla, prompted us to test whether these proteins have intrinsically different activities, or whether their different functions reflect changes in their cellular ...
... The surprising diversity of the roles of Brachyury in metazoans, and the availability of full-length cDNAs for orthologues from all major phyla, prompted us to test whether these proteins have intrinsically different activities, or whether their different functions reflect changes in their cellular ...
Visualization of APP dimerization and APP-Notch2 fluorescence complementation
... 1998), which, upon release from the plasma membrane, translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the Notch intracellular domain binds with transcriptional regulators such as CBF1 to modulate transcription of target genes, i.e. Hes. The activation of the Notch signaling pathway is mediated by severa ...
... 1998), which, upon release from the plasma membrane, translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the Notch intracellular domain binds with transcriptional regulators such as CBF1 to modulate transcription of target genes, i.e. Hes. The activation of the Notch signaling pathway is mediated by severa ...
The bicoid Protein Determines Position in the Drosophila Embryo in
... bcd is a dosage-sensitive gene. A deviation from the normal diploid dose of bcd⫹ in the female causes a shift in the fate map of the early embryo along the anteroposterior axis (Frohnhöfer and Nüsslein-Volhard, 1986; Berleth et al., 1988). This shift can be monitored by the position of the head fo ...
... bcd is a dosage-sensitive gene. A deviation from the normal diploid dose of bcd⫹ in the female causes a shift in the fate map of the early embryo along the anteroposterior axis (Frohnhöfer and Nüsslein-Volhard, 1986; Berleth et al., 1988). This shift can be monitored by the position of the head fo ...
Tissue interactions in the developing chick diencephalon
... free from basal neural tissue suggests that ZLI formation does not depend on ventral signals after HH10. We confirmed that ZLI formation can occur independently from ventral tissues in larger explants that encompassed the entire thalamic anlage (pro-Pth + pro-ZLI + pro-Th). Such explants expressed S ...
... free from basal neural tissue suggests that ZLI formation does not depend on ventral signals after HH10. We confirmed that ZLI formation can occur independently from ventral tissues in larger explants that encompassed the entire thalamic anlage (pro-Pth + pro-ZLI + pro-Th). Such explants expressed S ...
Dissociation of a ll0-kD Peripheral Membrane Protein from the Golgi
... We have previously shown that BFA causes the rapid redistribution of Golgi resident proteins into the ER, resulting in the loss of the Golgi apparatus as a distinct organelle (Lippincott-Schwartz et al., 1989). While the mechanism of action of BFA is far from understood, recent data suggest that the ...
... We have previously shown that BFA causes the rapid redistribution of Golgi resident proteins into the ER, resulting in the loss of the Golgi apparatus as a distinct organelle (Lippincott-Schwartz et al., 1989). While the mechanism of action of BFA is far from understood, recent data suggest that the ...
Structural Insights into the Amino-Terminus of the Secretin Receptor
... for binding. It is also noteworthy that all the natural ligands for receptors in this family are moderately large peptides, with structural similarities among themselves as well (Ulrich et al., 1998). This adds to the probability of a conserved theme for ligand binding to class II G protein-coupled ...
... for binding. It is also noteworthy that all the natural ligands for receptors in this family are moderately large peptides, with structural similarities among themselves as well (Ulrich et al., 1998). This adds to the probability of a conserved theme for ligand binding to class II G protein-coupled ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... spindle displacement. We further observed that this asymmetry depends on the PAR-3 protein and heterotrimeric G protein signaling, and that the PAR-2 protein affects microtubule dynamics by restricting PAR-3 activity to the anterior of the embryo. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAR protein ...
... spindle displacement. We further observed that this asymmetry depends on the PAR-3 protein and heterotrimeric G protein signaling, and that the PAR-2 protein affects microtubule dynamics by restricting PAR-3 activity to the anterior of the embryo. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAR protein ...
Cytokinin–auxin crosstalk
... actively transported out of the cell by auxin efflux carriers, the PIN proteins. Auxin flux direction (solid blue arrows) depends on the PIN subcellular asymmetric localization [31]. When concentration of auxin in the cell is low, the Aux/IAA (auxin/ indole-3-acetic acid) proteins heterodimerize wit ...
... actively transported out of the cell by auxin efflux carriers, the PIN proteins. Auxin flux direction (solid blue arrows) depends on the PIN subcellular asymmetric localization [31]. When concentration of auxin in the cell is low, the Aux/IAA (auxin/ indole-3-acetic acid) proteins heterodimerize wit ...
A pervasive role of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in
... The interplay between protein acetylation and NF-kB activation The nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) family of transcription factors comprises several evolutionarily conserved, structurally related interacting proteins that bind to DNA [1,2]. NF-kB plays a crucial part in the transcriptional regulation of g ...
... The interplay between protein acetylation and NF-kB activation The nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) family of transcription factors comprises several evolutionarily conserved, structurally related interacting proteins that bind to DNA [1,2]. NF-kB plays a crucial part in the transcriptional regulation of g ...
Receptors Distinct Parasite Molecules and Host Chemoattractant
... patterns associated with microbes. There are 10 TLR family members that together recognize a diverse collection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Recognition by TLR initiates signaling pathways through the common adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), leading to activat ...
... patterns associated with microbes. There are 10 TLR family members that together recognize a diverse collection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Recognition by TLR initiates signaling pathways through the common adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), leading to activat ...
Functional Regulation of MyD88-Activated Interferon Regulatory
... translocation and target gene regulation. We show that while the murine IRF-5 and human IRF-5 variant 4 (HuIRF-5v4) and HuIRF-5v5 are ubiquitinated, an IRF-5 bone marrow variant mutant containing an internal deletion of 288 nucleotides is not ubiquitinated. Lysine residues at positions 410 and 411 i ...
... translocation and target gene regulation. We show that while the murine IRF-5 and human IRF-5 variant 4 (HuIRF-5v4) and HuIRF-5v5 are ubiquitinated, an IRF-5 bone marrow variant mutant containing an internal deletion of 288 nucleotides is not ubiquitinated. Lysine residues at positions 410 and 411 i ...
della protein function during differential growth - RiuNet
... processes were regulated by “substances” with a capacity to move from one part of the plant to another. Today, more than one hundred years later, most of these substances have been identified as small molecules derived from secondary metabolic pathways. In general, these compounds are present at ver ...
... processes were regulated by “substances” with a capacity to move from one part of the plant to another. Today, more than one hundred years later, most of these substances have been identified as small molecules derived from secondary metabolic pathways. In general, these compounds are present at ver ...
Odd-paired controls frequency doubling in Drosophila segmentation
... Early models of Drosophila segmentation speculated that the blastoderm might be progressively patterned into finerscale units by some reaction-diffusion mechanism that exhibited iterative frequency-doubling (reviewed in Jaeger 2009). The discovery of a double-segment unit of organisation seemed to s ...
... Early models of Drosophila segmentation speculated that the blastoderm might be progressively patterned into finerscale units by some reaction-diffusion mechanism that exhibited iterative frequency-doubling (reviewed in Jaeger 2009). The discovery of a double-segment unit of organisation seemed to s ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... mechanisms normally ensure the proper termination of NF-kB activation. In this context, the intracellular ubiquitin-editing protein A20 (also known as Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Protein 3 or TNFAIP3) is a key player in the negative feedback regulation of NF-kB signaling in response to multi ...
... mechanisms normally ensure the proper termination of NF-kB activation. In this context, the intracellular ubiquitin-editing protein A20 (also known as Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Protein 3 or TNFAIP3) is a key player in the negative feedback regulation of NF-kB signaling in response to multi ...
REVIEWS - Haseloff Lab
... the role of auxin in development. During embryogenesis auxin is required for normal organ formation, as evidenced by early developmental arrest in several auxin response mutants. Loss of ARF5 function in the Arabidopsis mutant monopteros (mp) completely prevents root ...
... the role of auxin in development. During embryogenesis auxin is required for normal organ formation, as evidenced by early developmental arrest in several auxin response mutants. Loss of ARF5 function in the Arabidopsis mutant monopteros (mp) completely prevents root ...
GAL4 System in Drosophila: A Fly Geneticist`s Swiss Army Knife
... 16°C, while 29°C provides a balance between maximal GAL4 activity and minimal effects on fertility and viability due to growth at high temperature. Simply by altering the temperature, a wide range of expression levels of any responder can be achieved, thereby increasing the flexibility of the system ...
... 16°C, while 29°C provides a balance between maximal GAL4 activity and minimal effects on fertility and viability due to growth at high temperature. Simply by altering the temperature, a wide range of expression levels of any responder can be achieved, thereby increasing the flexibility of the system ...
Combining Rational and Evolutionary Approaches
... Figure 4.2 Microarray analysis identifies heme depletion as the major cellular stress. ...................................................................................................................................... 84 Figure 4.3 Heme synthesis and usage must both be elevated to produce large ...
... Figure 4.2 Microarray analysis identifies heme depletion as the major cellular stress. ...................................................................................................................................... 84 Figure 4.3 Heme synthesis and usage must both be elevated to produce large ...
PDF
... 19746), the ZPA is too far from the tip to exert its polarizing activity (Summerbell, 1974a). It follows that the cells at the tip remember their exposure to the ZPA when they go on to form a reduplication. They may be said to have a positional memory. It is not known how long cells must be exposed ...
... 19746), the ZPA is too far from the tip to exert its polarizing activity (Summerbell, 1974a). It follows that the cells at the tip remember their exposure to the ZPA when they go on to form a reduplication. They may be said to have a positional memory. It is not known how long cells must be exposed ...
PDF
... growth rate’, which is a scalar quantity and defines changes in area or volume around the focal position (Fig. 1B). We stress that the tissue growth rate is a quantity at the tissue scale; whereas, at the cellular level, the cell proliferation rate is the major determinant of the tissue growth rate. ...
... growth rate’, which is a scalar quantity and defines changes in area or volume around the focal position (Fig. 1B). We stress that the tissue growth rate is a quantity at the tissue scale; whereas, at the cellular level, the cell proliferation rate is the major determinant of the tissue growth rate. ...
The EMBO Journal (2002) 21, 1704–1712
... consistently noticed that, in these experiments, only a very low proportion of Tip60 was extracted (<5%), the remainder being completely insoluble in any immunoprecipitationcompatible buffer tested (data not shown and see also legend to Figure 5). Consequently, this calculated half-life is correct f ...
... consistently noticed that, in these experiments, only a very low proportion of Tip60 was extracted (<5%), the remainder being completely insoluble in any immunoprecipitationcompatible buffer tested (data not shown and see also legend to Figure 5). Consequently, this calculated half-life is correct f ...
Eph/ephrin signaling maintains the boundary of
... system mediates cell-cell contact and repulsion (Pasquale, 2005). The Eph proteins are a large family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases, and their ligands are the ephrin proteins that are also anchored to the cell surface. When an ephrin-expressing cell makes contact with an Eph-expressing ...
... system mediates cell-cell contact and repulsion (Pasquale, 2005). The Eph proteins are a large family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases, and their ligands are the ephrin proteins that are also anchored to the cell surface. When an ephrin-expressing cell makes contact with an Eph-expressing ...
An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for cAMP elicited axonal
... inability to regenerate nerve fibers is not set in stone. Instead, it can be unlocked by a second injury in nerves elsewhere in the body, the so-called “peripheral nervous system”. This process relies on an enzyme called DLK, which becomes activated in damaged nerve fibers. But how does DLK ‘sense’ ...
... inability to regenerate nerve fibers is not set in stone. Instead, it can be unlocked by a second injury in nerves elsewhere in the body, the so-called “peripheral nervous system”. This process relies on an enzyme called DLK, which becomes activated in damaged nerve fibers. But how does DLK ‘sense’ ...
Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway (or signalling pathway; see spelling differences) is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. Different parts of the embryo have different concentrations of hedgehog signaling proteins. The pathway also has roles in the adult. Diseases associated with the malfunction of this pathway include basal cell carcinoma.The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of animal development and is present in all bilaterians. The pathway takes its name from its polypeptide ligand, an intercellular signaling molecule called Hedgehog (Hh) found in fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. Hh is one of Drosophila's segment polarity gene products, involved in establishing the basis of the fly body plan. The molecule remains important during later stages of embryogenesis and metamorphosis.Mammals have three Hedgehog homologues, DHH, IHH, and SHH, of which Sonic (SHH) is the best studied. The pathway is equally important during vertebrate embryonic development. In knockout mice lacking components of the pathway, the brain, skeleton, musculature, gastrointestinal tract and lungs fail to develop correctly. Recent studies point to the role of Hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway has also been implicated in the development of some cancers. Drugs that specifically target Hedgehog signaling to fight this disease are being actively developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies.