Recombinant N-terminal Nucleotide
... Multidrug resistance of tumor cells is often associated with overexpression of P-glycoprotein, a membrane transporter that extrudes chemotherapeutic drugs using ATP hydrolysis as energy source (1, 2). The protein is encoded by the mdr gene family comprising two members in man, mdr1 and mdr2, or thre ...
... Multidrug resistance of tumor cells is often associated with overexpression of P-glycoprotein, a membrane transporter that extrudes chemotherapeutic drugs using ATP hydrolysis as energy source (1, 2). The protein is encoded by the mdr gene family comprising two members in man, mdr1 and mdr2, or thre ...
Study of Alternative Functions of the Mitochondrial Protein Bak
... by succinate dehydrogenase to reduce coenzyme Q. Coenzyme Q shuttles these electrons to complex III, where they are transferred to cytochrome c. From cytochrome c, complex IV uses electrons to reduce molecular oxygen to water. The action of complexes I, III, and IV produce a proton electrochemical p ...
... by succinate dehydrogenase to reduce coenzyme Q. Coenzyme Q shuttles these electrons to complex III, where they are transferred to cytochrome c. From cytochrome c, complex IV uses electrons to reduce molecular oxygen to water. The action of complexes I, III, and IV produce a proton electrochemical p ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
... Amt Family of Membrane Proteins. Biosynthesis of essential molecules requires reduced nitrogen. In some eukaryotes this nitrogen is obtained as amino acids or nitrates, however in most prokaryotes the source of biological nitrogen is ammonia or ammonium. The diffusion of ammonia across cellular plas ...
... Amt Family of Membrane Proteins. Biosynthesis of essential molecules requires reduced nitrogen. In some eukaryotes this nitrogen is obtained as amino acids or nitrates, however in most prokaryotes the source of biological nitrogen is ammonia or ammonium. The diffusion of ammonia across cellular plas ...
PFK-2
... intermediates formed by the pathway (e.g., for fatty acid synthesis). • Control occurs at sites of irreversible reactions • Phosphofructokinase- major control point; first enzyme “unique” to glycolysis • Hexokinase or glucokinase • Pyruvate kinase •Phosphofructokinase responds to changes in: • Energ ...
... intermediates formed by the pathway (e.g., for fatty acid synthesis). • Control occurs at sites of irreversible reactions • Phosphofructokinase- major control point; first enzyme “unique” to glycolysis • Hexokinase or glucokinase • Pyruvate kinase •Phosphofructokinase responds to changes in: • Energ ...
transmission electron microscopy and computer-aided
... 100 kV, have wavelengths less than a tenth of an Ångström, theoretically allowing for imaging resolution far below the sub-Ångström range. However, due to the presence of imperfect imaging conditions such as lens aberrations and sample irradiation, the information transferred from biological specime ...
... 100 kV, have wavelengths less than a tenth of an Ångström, theoretically allowing for imaging resolution far below the sub-Ångström range. However, due to the presence of imperfect imaging conditions such as lens aberrations and sample irradiation, the information transferred from biological specime ...
Muscle Metabolic Adaptation to Exercise
... During steady state exercise metabolic pathways involved: 1. Glycogenolysis and glycolysis 2. Lipolysis and beta-oxidation 3. Amino acid oxidation ...
... During steady state exercise metabolic pathways involved: 1. Glycogenolysis and glycolysis 2. Lipolysis and beta-oxidation 3. Amino acid oxidation ...
Urea cycle
... Deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes • Infant born with total deficiency of one or more enzymes survive at least several days. • Many enzymes deficiencies are partial → enzymes have altered Km values. • Case are known of deficiencies of each enzymes. • Interruption of the cycle at each point affected ...
... Deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes • Infant born with total deficiency of one or more enzymes survive at least several days. • Many enzymes deficiencies are partial → enzymes have altered Km values. • Case are known of deficiencies of each enzymes. • Interruption of the cycle at each point affected ...
Lecture 27
... • Odd chain fatty acids are less common • Formed by some bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants and the human colon. • b-oxidation occurs pretty much as w/ even chain fatty acids until the final thiolase cleavage which results in a 3 carbon acyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA) • Special set of 3 enzymes are requ ...
... • Odd chain fatty acids are less common • Formed by some bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants and the human colon. • b-oxidation occurs pretty much as w/ even chain fatty acids until the final thiolase cleavage which results in a 3 carbon acyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA) • Special set of 3 enzymes are requ ...
complete
... Learn the major sources of dietary carbohydrates. – What are these digested to and absorbed as? – What are the major types of glucose transporters and where are they found? ...
... Learn the major sources of dietary carbohydrates. – What are these digested to and absorbed as? – What are the major types of glucose transporters and where are they found? ...
Enzymology Lectures Year 1 - Emily Flashman`s
... Hexokinase creates right conditions for nucleophilic attack of C6OH on ATP ...
... Hexokinase creates right conditions for nucleophilic attack of C6OH on ATP ...
Triosephosphate Isomerase (T6258) - Datasheet - Sigma
... This product is for R&D use only, not for drug, household, or other uses. Please consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices. Preparation Instructions This product is soluble (1 unit/ml) in 15 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.6, with 0.02% (w/v) BSA at 25 ...
... This product is for R&D use only, not for drug, household, or other uses. Please consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices. Preparation Instructions This product is soluble (1 unit/ml) in 15 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.6, with 0.02% (w/v) BSA at 25 ...
6ppt - UCSD Course Websites
... Warburg Effect the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol ...
... Warburg Effect the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol ...
Lecture 27
... Small subunit hydrolyzes Gln and delivers NH3 to large subunit. Channels intermediate of two reactions from one active site to the other. ...
... Small subunit hydrolyzes Gln and delivers NH3 to large subunit. Channels intermediate of two reactions from one active site to the other. ...
Biosynthesis of heme in mammals
... incorporated into heme-containing proteins, particularly hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. The gender-based difference in body iron content is due to the smaller red cell, muscle and liver mass in women. The unique properties of heme, an iron molecule coordinated within a tetrapyrrole, allows h ...
... incorporated into heme-containing proteins, particularly hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. The gender-based difference in body iron content is due to the smaller red cell, muscle and liver mass in women. The unique properties of heme, an iron molecule coordinated within a tetrapyrrole, allows h ...
Comments on metabolic needs for glucose and the role of
... certainly true: the branching of glycogen together with the fact that multiple glycogen phosphorylase molecules can be simultaneously active on the different branches allows rapid glycogenolysis to provide fuel for rapid use within tissues (muscle) or to provide blood glucose (liver). Clearly the wa ...
... certainly true: the branching of glycogen together with the fact that multiple glycogen phosphorylase molecules can be simultaneously active on the different branches allows rapid glycogenolysis to provide fuel for rapid use within tissues (muscle) or to provide blood glucose (liver). Clearly the wa ...
Photocatalysis on TiOn Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and
... exchange require orbital overlap between the interacting centers. When both processes are thermodynamically allowed, electron transfer predominates since the electron exchange process requires simultaneous overlap of two orbital pairs, whereas only one such overlap is necessary for electron t r a n ...
... exchange require orbital overlap between the interacting centers. When both processes are thermodynamically allowed, electron transfer predominates since the electron exchange process requires simultaneous overlap of two orbital pairs, whereas only one such overlap is necessary for electron t r a n ...
Roles of phosphatidate phosphatase enzymes in lipid metabolism
... pathway, where they generate DAG for the activation of protein kinase C [15–17]. In addition, PAP activity can attenuate the bioactive functions of PtdOH, which include promoting cell growth and proliferation, vesicular trafficking, secretion and endocytosis [5,8,17–20]. PAP1 PAP1 enzymes have been ...
... pathway, where they generate DAG for the activation of protein kinase C [15–17]. In addition, PAP activity can attenuate the bioactive functions of PtdOH, which include promoting cell growth and proliferation, vesicular trafficking, secretion and endocytosis [5,8,17–20]. PAP1 PAP1 enzymes have been ...
Homology among (βα) 8 Barrels: Implications for the Evolution of
... aldolase (Mavridis et al., 1982), and shows signi®cant sequence similarity to other phosphate-binding TIM barrels (Figure 1). Comparison of known structures shows that the Schiff base-forming catalytic lysine residue is found in an exactly equivalent position in type I fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldo ...
... aldolase (Mavridis et al., 1982), and shows signi®cant sequence similarity to other phosphate-binding TIM barrels (Figure 1). Comparison of known structures shows that the Schiff base-forming catalytic lysine residue is found in an exactly equivalent position in type I fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldo ...
2566 Part 1
... • ATP regenerated = 2ATP per molecule of glucose STAGE TWO - KREB’S CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE) • occurs in the presence of oxygen • taking place in the muscle cell MITOCHONDRIA within the inner fluid filled matrix • pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) promoted by enzymes of the citric acid cycle, or fatty ...
... • ATP regenerated = 2ATP per molecule of glucose STAGE TWO - KREB’S CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE) • occurs in the presence of oxygen • taking place in the muscle cell MITOCHONDRIA within the inner fluid filled matrix • pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) promoted by enzymes of the citric acid cycle, or fatty ...
Urea Cycle - MBBS Students Club
... Regulation of the urea cycle • N-Acetylglutamate is an essential activator for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I—the ratelimiting step in the urea cycle • N-Acetylglutamate is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and glutamate by Nacetylglutamate synthase in a reaction for which arginine is an activat ...
... Regulation of the urea cycle • N-Acetylglutamate is an essential activator for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I—the ratelimiting step in the urea cycle • N-Acetylglutamate is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and glutamate by Nacetylglutamate synthase in a reaction for which arginine is an activat ...
Lecture 9
... Metal ion catalysis • Almost 1/3 of all enzymes use metal ions for catalytic activity. 2 main types: 1. Metalloenzymes-have tightly bound metal ions, mmost commonly transition metal ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, or Co3+ 2. Metal-activated enzymes-loosely bind metal ions form solution-u ...
... Metal ion catalysis • Almost 1/3 of all enzymes use metal ions for catalytic activity. 2 main types: 1. Metalloenzymes-have tightly bound metal ions, mmost commonly transition metal ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, or Co3+ 2. Metal-activated enzymes-loosely bind metal ions form solution-u ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... Arginine biosynthesis: • In mammals arginine is synthesized from glutamate via urea cycle. • In bacteria, arginine is synthesized from glutamate in pathway different from urea cycle in mammals because most bacteria do not have arginase; not form ornithine from arginine . • Ornithine could also be s ...
... Arginine biosynthesis: • In mammals arginine is synthesized from glutamate via urea cycle. • In bacteria, arginine is synthesized from glutamate in pathway different from urea cycle in mammals because most bacteria do not have arginase; not form ornithine from arginine . • Ornithine could also be s ...
Fungal denitrification and nitric oxide reductase cytochrome P450nor
... reductase and ferredoxin, whereas eukaryotic (microsomal) P450s are supplied by a P450 reductase containing FAD and FMN. P450nor is an exceptional P450 [33] that does not require a redox partner (direct electron transfer from NAD(P)H). The reaction mechanism of P450nor has been extensively studied [ ...
... reductase and ferredoxin, whereas eukaryotic (microsomal) P450s are supplied by a P450 reductase containing FAD and FMN. P450nor is an exceptional P450 [33] that does not require a redox partner (direct electron transfer from NAD(P)H). The reaction mechanism of P450nor has been extensively studied [ ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.