BIOL260 Chapter 5 Lecture
... the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates under anaerobic conditions. ...
... the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates under anaerobic conditions. ...
FTIR spectroelectrochemistry combined with a light
... this mini-review, this combined FTIR method is introduced, and obtained results about the redox reactions of the non-heme iron and QB , involving the long-range interaction of the Mn4 CaO5 cluster with the electron-acceptor side, are summarized. Keywords: Electron transfer, FTIR, photosynthesis, qui ...
... this mini-review, this combined FTIR method is introduced, and obtained results about the redox reactions of the non-heme iron and QB , involving the long-range interaction of the Mn4 CaO5 cluster with the electron-acceptor side, are summarized. Keywords: Electron transfer, FTIR, photosynthesis, qui ...
Figure 11-1
... further cyclize to yield GHB. (4) Subsequent reactions generate advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as ε-N-carboxymethyllysine and methylglyoxal, compounds that (5) can damage other proteins by cross-linking them, causing pathological changes. ...
... further cyclize to yield GHB. (4) Subsequent reactions generate advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as ε-N-carboxymethyllysine and methylglyoxal, compounds that (5) can damage other proteins by cross-linking them, causing pathological changes. ...
Influence of temperature on the dynamics of ATP, ADP and non
... the buds. We conclude that the change in ratio is an indication of bud growth potential rather than an indication of the actual growth rate, which depends on the prevailing temperature. The ATP/ADP ratio did not change before January, indicating that it is not correlated with the progressive accumul ...
... the buds. We conclude that the change in ratio is an indication of bud growth potential rather than an indication of the actual growth rate, which depends on the prevailing temperature. The ATP/ADP ratio did not change before January, indicating that it is not correlated with the progressive accumul ...
Method of Analysis for Feed Enzymes: Methodological Problems?
... that catalyze the biochemical reactions involved in celllife. Enzymes are proteins of high molecular weight (between 10,000and 500,000 daltons), precipitated by alcohol, acetone, and ammonium sulphate. Like all proteins, they are sensitive to the physicochemical environment, variations in which may ...
... that catalyze the biochemical reactions involved in celllife. Enzymes are proteins of high molecular weight (between 10,000and 500,000 daltons), precipitated by alcohol, acetone, and ammonium sulphate. Like all proteins, they are sensitive to the physicochemical environment, variations in which may ...
Biology`s Gasoline: Oxidation of Fatty Acids Fats: our unpopular best
... after the acyl-CoA is made, the activated acyl group is transferred to the –OH group of carnitine to make acylcarnitine. (in the pictures, recipient OH is marked with a dotted red circle). This occurs on the outer membrane of the mitochondrion, and the acyl-carnitine adduct can be moved across the n ...
... after the acyl-CoA is made, the activated acyl group is transferred to the –OH group of carnitine to make acylcarnitine. (in the pictures, recipient OH is marked with a dotted red circle). This occurs on the outer membrane of the mitochondrion, and the acyl-carnitine adduct can be moved across the n ...
Document
... When you join these two small molecules (one a ketone and one an aldehyde) that is called an aldol condensation. In glycolysis, it is called an aldol cleavage when you break it down Remember, you see all these reactions in pathways. You may wonder why you don’t go from glucose to pyruvate. Why a ...
... When you join these two small molecules (one a ketone and one an aldehyde) that is called an aldol condensation. In glycolysis, it is called an aldol cleavage when you break it down Remember, you see all these reactions in pathways. You may wonder why you don’t go from glucose to pyruvate. Why a ...
What is an enzyme? Function of enzymes
... the mitochondria using pyruvate and NAD+. • Acetyl-CoA can then be used to transfer an acetyl group (CH3CO) to aid in fatty acid synthesis. ...
... the mitochondria using pyruvate and NAD+. • Acetyl-CoA can then be used to transfer an acetyl group (CH3CO) to aid in fatty acid synthesis. ...
Biology Notes: Test I
... those that were dropped off by ships 3. It was a “little world unto itself” 4. Darwin realized that the species were close to those on South America 5. Note: Most potential colonizers die, but a very few live to spread out 6. The islands were downwind from South America, and therefore could have mor ...
... those that were dropped off by ships 3. It was a “little world unto itself” 4. Darwin realized that the species were close to those on South America 5. Note: Most potential colonizers die, but a very few live to spread out 6. The islands were downwind from South America, and therefore could have mor ...
The Citric acid cycle
... stimulate peroxide formation and the demand for NADPH can not be met. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and the ability to make new proteins and membranes. Damage cannot be repaired so cells lyse. ...
... stimulate peroxide formation and the demand for NADPH can not be met. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and the ability to make new proteins and membranes. Damage cannot be repaired so cells lyse. ...
bme-biochem-3-kh-enzymes-9
... Enzymes are mostly proteins They are highly specific to a reaction They catalyze many reactions including breaking down nutrients, storing and releasing energy, creating new molecules, and coordinating biological reactions. Enzymes use an active site, but can be affected by bonding at other areas ...
... Enzymes are mostly proteins They are highly specific to a reaction They catalyze many reactions including breaking down nutrients, storing and releasing energy, creating new molecules, and coordinating biological reactions. Enzymes use an active site, but can be affected by bonding at other areas ...
New Developments in Transmission Electron Microscopy for
... origin of their unique properties. The melting point of a nanocrystal is much lower than the bulk melting temperature.[14] Here, the melting of Pt particles is taken as an example.[15] Platinum nanoparticles with a high percentage of cubic-, tetrahedral-, and octahedral-like shapes, respectively, ha ...
... origin of their unique properties. The melting point of a nanocrystal is much lower than the bulk melting temperature.[14] Here, the melting of Pt particles is taken as an example.[15] Platinum nanoparticles with a high percentage of cubic-, tetrahedral-, and octahedral-like shapes, respectively, ha ...
A Contribution of the Mitochondrial
... favor the substitution of protein-protein interac tions by protein-w ater interactions, and this is true for inter as well as intraprotein interactions (Priva lov, 1990; Silva and Weber, 1993; Huang and Oas, 1996). Some reports (Back et al., 1979; Klibanov, 1983; Timasheff, 1992; Sola-Penna and Me ...
... favor the substitution of protein-protein interac tions by protein-w ater interactions, and this is true for inter as well as intraprotein interactions (Priva lov, 1990; Silva and Weber, 1993; Huang and Oas, 1996). Some reports (Back et al., 1979; Klibanov, 1983; Timasheff, 1992; Sola-Penna and Me ...
Summary of fatty acid synthesis
... 1. Additional two-carbon units can be added to palmitate by separate enzyme systems contained in the ER and mitochondria. 2. Certain cell types in the brain can add up to a total of 24 carbon units to an acyl chain 3. Enzymes present in the ER (mixed-function oxidases) are responsible for desaturat ...
... 1. Additional two-carbon units can be added to palmitate by separate enzyme systems contained in the ER and mitochondria. 2. Certain cell types in the brain can add up to a total of 24 carbon units to an acyl chain 3. Enzymes present in the ER (mixed-function oxidases) are responsible for desaturat ...
of the fatty acid is oxidized. Fatty acid oxidation is divided into two
... The β-oxidation pathway accomplishes the complete degradation of saturated fatty acids having an even number of carbon atoms. Most fatty acids have such structures because of their mode of synthesis . The oxidation of fatty acids containing double bonds requires additional steps. Likewise, fatty aci ...
... The β-oxidation pathway accomplishes the complete degradation of saturated fatty acids having an even number of carbon atoms. Most fatty acids have such structures because of their mode of synthesis . The oxidation of fatty acids containing double bonds requires additional steps. Likewise, fatty aci ...
Fructose 6-Phosphate
... Glucose enters these tissues at a biologically significant rate only when there is much glucose in the blood. GLUT4, which has a Km value of 5 mM, transports glucose into muscle and fat cells. The presence of insulin leads to a rapid increase in the number of GLUT4 transporters in the plasma membran ...
... Glucose enters these tissues at a biologically significant rate only when there is much glucose in the blood. GLUT4, which has a Km value of 5 mM, transports glucose into muscle and fat cells. The presence of insulin leads to a rapid increase in the number of GLUT4 transporters in the plasma membran ...
Page 1 of 7 Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems 1. At 0.967 atm, the
... a. Electrons have both wave and particle properties. b. It is not possible to know the exact location of an electron and its exact energy simultaneously. c. The behavior of an atom's electrons can be described by circular orbits around a nucleus. d. Quantum numbers define the energy states and t ...
... a. Electrons have both wave and particle properties. b. It is not possible to know the exact location of an electron and its exact energy simultaneously. c. The behavior of an atom's electrons can be described by circular orbits around a nucleus. d. Quantum numbers define the energy states and t ...
RedOx notes:
... Which elements have specific rules? Which element(s) do(es) not have rules? Use rule 8 or 9 from above to calculate these. ...
... Which elements have specific rules? Which element(s) do(es) not have rules? Use rule 8 or 9 from above to calculate these. ...
Why nature chose phosphate to modify proteins
... charge, but also are unstable and have the undesirable property of alkylating biological molecules (e.g. methyl methanesulphonate). Orthosilicate (silicon is in Group 14 next to phosphorus) is also very abundant on Earth, but its lowest pKa is 9.5, and its esters are extremely unstable in aqueous so ...
... charge, but also are unstable and have the undesirable property of alkylating biological molecules (e.g. methyl methanesulphonate). Orthosilicate (silicon is in Group 14 next to phosphorus) is also very abundant on Earth, but its lowest pKa is 9.5, and its esters are extremely unstable in aqueous so ...
Preparation of right-side-out plasma membrane
... between activities in the presence and absence of 100 pM-orthovanadate, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane ATPase (Bowman & Slayman, 1979), was considered the true value for the activity of this marker. Tonoplast ATPase activity was measured using the same reaction mixture as described above, excep ...
... between activities in the presence and absence of 100 pM-orthovanadate, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane ATPase (Bowman & Slayman, 1979), was considered the true value for the activity of this marker. Tonoplast ATPase activity was measured using the same reaction mixture as described above, excep ...
4.6 Fermentation
... – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis ...
... – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis ...
103 Lecture Ch23b
... reduced to lactate, which replenishes NAD+ to continue glycolysis • During strenuous exercise, muscle cells quickly use up their stored oxygen, creating anaerobic conditions - lactate accumulates, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness • Anaerobic bacteria can also produce lactate, which is how we m ...
... reduced to lactate, which replenishes NAD+ to continue glycolysis • During strenuous exercise, muscle cells quickly use up their stored oxygen, creating anaerobic conditions - lactate accumulates, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness • Anaerobic bacteria can also produce lactate, which is how we m ...
Tricarboxylic acid cycle dysfunction as a cause of human diseases
... and RNA and DNA molecules, spatially and kinetically compartmented. Increasing efficient operation of the cycle, metabolically related enzymes are associated into metabolons ensuring channeling of substrates through selected sets of enzymes (Fig. 1A) (55). Accordingly, the TCA cycle enzymes are cons ...
... and RNA and DNA molecules, spatially and kinetically compartmented. Increasing efficient operation of the cycle, metabolically related enzymes are associated into metabolons ensuring channeling of substrates through selected sets of enzymes (Fig. 1A) (55). Accordingly, the TCA cycle enzymes are cons ...
Stereochemical imperative in enzymic decarboxylations
... This pair of explanations is merely a molecular example of a ptoblem frequently encountered in biology: are the structural features common in different species best understood as arising by convergent evolution direct toward a purpose or by divergent evolution from a common precursor with conservati ...
... This pair of explanations is merely a molecular example of a ptoblem frequently encountered in biology: are the structural features common in different species best understood as arising by convergent evolution direct toward a purpose or by divergent evolution from a common precursor with conservati ...
Thermostable glycerol kinase from a
... Here we report that GK from P.kodakaraensis KOD1 showed distinctive structural and enzymatic characteristics as compared with those from mesophilic sources. Like other enzymes from this strain, it is more stable than the bacterial enzymes and shows broad metal ion and NTP specificities. In addition, ...
... Here we report that GK from P.kodakaraensis KOD1 showed distinctive structural and enzymatic characteristics as compared with those from mesophilic sources. Like other enzymes from this strain, it is more stable than the bacterial enzymes and shows broad metal ion and NTP specificities. In addition, ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.