Characterizing the complexity of enzymes on the basis of their
... active site. Cofactors, both metal ions and small organic molecules, offer an extension of the catalytic power of enzymes. Recently, we have extended the MACiE database to include Metal-MACiE [7,31], in order to fully categorize and annotate the metal ions in MACiE, and their roles and functions. We ...
... active site. Cofactors, both metal ions and small organic molecules, offer an extension of the catalytic power of enzymes. Recently, we have extended the MACiE database to include Metal-MACiE [7,31], in order to fully categorize and annotate the metal ions in MACiE, and their roles and functions. We ...
Solutions to 7.012 Problem Set 2
... c) The above graph only describes a specific enzymatic reaction at a single given concentration of the enzyme. Qualitatively, what would one expect to happen to Vmax if the amount of enzyme involved in the reaction were doubled? Vmax would increase. d) Many enzymatic reactions can be broken down int ...
... c) The above graph only describes a specific enzymatic reaction at a single given concentration of the enzyme. Qualitatively, what would one expect to happen to Vmax if the amount of enzyme involved in the reaction were doubled? Vmax would increase. d) Many enzymatic reactions can be broken down int ...
Carbohydrate metabolism File
... glycogen as a cellular storage compound. ii) Glycogenolysis involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which provides a glucose supply for glucosedependent tissues. 2. Oxidative degradation to CO2 i)Glycolysis is the pathway in which the oxidation metabolism of glucose molecules forms ATP and ...
... glycogen as a cellular storage compound. ii) Glycogenolysis involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which provides a glucose supply for glucosedependent tissues. 2. Oxidative degradation to CO2 i)Glycolysis is the pathway in which the oxidation metabolism of glucose molecules forms ATP and ...
Electron transport chain…
... PMF drives ATP synthesis • diffusion of protons back across membrane (down gradient) drives formation of ATP • ATP synthase – enzyme that uses PMF down gradient to catalyze ATP synthesis ...
... PMF drives ATP synthesis • diffusion of protons back across membrane (down gradient) drives formation of ATP • ATP synthase – enzyme that uses PMF down gradient to catalyze ATP synthesis ...
Experimental and Computational Evidence of Metal‑O2 Activation
... Previous works have neglected this reaction and assumed that neither CoII nor CuII undergoes a change in redox state during enzyme catalysis.32 The Ered in eq 2 may involve complex internal redox chemistry in certain copper amine oxidases,33−36 where the active site metal and primary amine-reduced c ...
... Previous works have neglected this reaction and assumed that neither CoII nor CuII undergoes a change in redox state during enzyme catalysis.32 The Ered in eq 2 may involve complex internal redox chemistry in certain copper amine oxidases,33−36 where the active site metal and primary amine-reduced c ...
Archaea
... ▪ With the exception of methanogenesis, bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism of Archaea are similar to those found in Bacteria - Glucose metabolism : EMP or slightly modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway ...
... ▪ With the exception of methanogenesis, bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism of Archaea are similar to those found in Bacteria - Glucose metabolism : EMP or slightly modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway ...
... interactions. Among NMR studies, the Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) is the result of cross relaxation between dipolar coupled spins as a result of spin-spin interactions through space and this is crucial for the determination of protein structure [4-5]. The cross peaks between the formyl H and meth ...
01 P⁄g. iniciales (Page 1)
... palmate- or ATP-grasp fold. This superfamily includes other ATP-dependent carboxylate-thiol ligases (succinate- and malateCoA ligases), as well as enzymes endowed with carboxylateamine ligase activity (glutathione synthetase, biotin carboxylase, and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase) [13]. The reductiv ...
... palmate- or ATP-grasp fold. This superfamily includes other ATP-dependent carboxylate-thiol ligases (succinate- and malateCoA ligases), as well as enzymes endowed with carboxylateamine ligase activity (glutathione synthetase, biotin carboxylase, and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase) [13]. The reductiv ...
Surprising variety in energy metabolism within Trypanosomatidae
... all trypanosomatids, except for the long-slender bloodstream forms of the T. brucei family, which excrete pyruvate. In the other trypanosomatids, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion where it is isoxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetate is th ...
... all trypanosomatids, except for the long-slender bloodstream forms of the T. brucei family, which excrete pyruvate. In the other trypanosomatids, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion where it is isoxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetate is th ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... reductase. Two electrons are passed from NADH through the chain of reactions as shown, and two electrons are also derived from the fatty acyl substrate. linoleic acid in eukaryotes. This is the only means by which animals can synthesize fatty acids with double bonds at ...
... reductase. Two electrons are passed from NADH through the chain of reactions as shown, and two electrons are also derived from the fatty acyl substrate. linoleic acid in eukaryotes. This is the only means by which animals can synthesize fatty acids with double bonds at ...
Chapter Nineteen
... acquire chemically reactive groups not available as side chains. Prentice Hall © 2007 ...
... acquire chemically reactive groups not available as side chains. Prentice Hall © 2007 ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Metabolism Overview
... Living organisms require a continual input of energy for three major purposes: 1. Performance of mechanical work in muscle contraction and other cellular movements. 2. Active transport of molecules and ions. 3. Synthesis of macromolecules and other biomolecules from simple precursors ...
... Living organisms require a continual input of energy for three major purposes: 1. Performance of mechanical work in muscle contraction and other cellular movements. 2. Active transport of molecules and ions. 3. Synthesis of macromolecules and other biomolecules from simple precursors ...
Mechanism of Translation
... 1. The first amino acid incorporated into proteins ________. A) can be any of the 20 standard amino acids B) is an N-formylmethionine in E. coli and methionine in other organisms C) is always inosinate D) is an amidated methionine residue that is cleaved following termination of translation 2. How ...
... 1. The first amino acid incorporated into proteins ________. A) can be any of the 20 standard amino acids B) is an N-formylmethionine in E. coli and methionine in other organisms C) is always inosinate D) is an amidated methionine residue that is cleaved following termination of translation 2. How ...
Slide 1
... Galactose 1-P accumulates in liver cells (high galactose in blood and urine) Decrease liver function and cataracts ...
... Galactose 1-P accumulates in liver cells (high galactose in blood and urine) Decrease liver function and cataracts ...
Slide 1
... – The end product of FAs catabolism (acetyl-CoA): • as fuels for energy production (TCA) • as substrates for cholesterol and ketone body synthesis ...
... – The end product of FAs catabolism (acetyl-CoA): • as fuels for energy production (TCA) • as substrates for cholesterol and ketone body synthesis ...
Cardiac ultrastructure, metabolism and O2
... We examined heart ventricle from three species of similar. Despite significant ultrastructural differences, Antarctic fishes that vary in their expression of oxygenoxidative capacities, estimated from measurements of binding proteins to investigate how some of these fishes maximal activities per gra ...
... We examined heart ventricle from three species of similar. Despite significant ultrastructural differences, Antarctic fishes that vary in their expression of oxygenoxidative capacities, estimated from measurements of binding proteins to investigate how some of these fishes maximal activities per gra ...
Revision Questions What is the definition of energy and what are the
... Stage 2: The TCA/ Citric acid/ Kreb’s cycle The pyruvic acid produced in the first stage diffuses into the matrix of the mitochondria. ...
... Stage 2: The TCA/ Citric acid/ Kreb’s cycle The pyruvic acid produced in the first stage diffuses into the matrix of the mitochondria. ...
Multiple Choice Questions- Chemistry and Metabolism of nucleotides
... elevated white blood cell count and an enlarged spleen. A referral to an oncologist results in a diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Treatment with hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor is begun. The normal functioning of this enzyme is to do which of the followings ? a) Converts ...
... elevated white blood cell count and an enlarged spleen. A referral to an oncologist results in a diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Treatment with hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor is begun. The normal functioning of this enzyme is to do which of the followings ? a) Converts ...
Prof. Kamakaka`s Lecture 6 Notes
... Nucleophiles-groups rich in and capable of donating electron (attracted to nucleus) Electrophile- group deficient in electron (attracted to electron) Reactions are promoted by proton donors (general acids) or proton acceptors (general bases). The active sites of29 some enzymes contain side groups, t ...
... Nucleophiles-groups rich in and capable of donating electron (attracted to nucleus) Electrophile- group deficient in electron (attracted to electron) Reactions are promoted by proton donors (general acids) or proton acceptors (general bases). The active sites of29 some enzymes contain side groups, t ...
Explanation in two dimensions: diagrams and
... mechanistic model. Together these models explain how the complex catalyzes synthesis of ATP. I’ll discuss the model of the reaction mechanism first. Paul Boyer’s group at UCLA developed the binding-change model of the mechanism by which F1 catalyzes ATP production. One key question the model addresse ...
... mechanistic model. Together these models explain how the complex catalyzes synthesis of ATP. I’ll discuss the model of the reaction mechanism first. Paul Boyer’s group at UCLA developed the binding-change model of the mechanism by which F1 catalyzes ATP production. One key question the model addresse ...
Firefly Bioluminescence
... with luciferin, fixing its position in the active site. The adenine ring of ATP is held in place by interactions to Gly339, Tyr340, Gly341 and Ala317, while the side chain carboxylate of Asp422 is H-bonded to the ribose hydroxyl groups. Residues Ser199 and Lys206, highly conserved throughout the acy ...
... with luciferin, fixing its position in the active site. The adenine ring of ATP is held in place by interactions to Gly339, Tyr340, Gly341 and Ala317, while the side chain carboxylate of Asp422 is H-bonded to the ribose hydroxyl groups. Residues Ser199 and Lys206, highly conserved throughout the acy ...
thèse - Université Evry Val d`Essonne
... of proto-mitochondrion formation with respect to the formation of the nucleus: either the endosimbiosis occurred at the same time as the formation of the eukaryotic cell, or it arrived only after the ancestral cell was already essentially eukaryotic. 1.1. The archaezoan scenario The archaezoan scen ...
... of proto-mitochondrion formation with respect to the formation of the nucleus: either the endosimbiosis occurred at the same time as the formation of the eukaryotic cell, or it arrived only after the ancestral cell was already essentially eukaryotic. 1.1. The archaezoan scenario The archaezoan scen ...
nature of polyethyleneimine-glucose oxidase interactions
... grid box, step by step. The docking parameter files were completed by using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm [10]. Molecular Dynamics Method A Molecular Dynamics (MD) procedure was applied to a complex enzyme–ligand [11]. The structure of ligand and enzyme was characterized by using the Amber force ...
... grid box, step by step. The docking parameter files were completed by using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm [10]. Molecular Dynamics Method A Molecular Dynamics (MD) procedure was applied to a complex enzyme–ligand [11]. The structure of ligand and enzyme was characterized by using the Amber force ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.