Glycolysis
... • Fermentation by yeast yields ethanol, essential ingredient of “good brews”. • Glycolytic enzymes are soluble and stable in cell-free extracts. • Citric acid cycle enzymes are located in “insoluble cell structures” and are either not present or not stable in cell-free extracts. ...
... • Fermentation by yeast yields ethanol, essential ingredient of “good brews”. • Glycolytic enzymes are soluble and stable in cell-free extracts. • Citric acid cycle enzymes are located in “insoluble cell structures” and are either not present or not stable in cell-free extracts. ...
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... •For an aldohexose such as glucose, a single molecule provides both the aldehyde and the alcohol : the C-1 aldehyde in the open-chain form of glucose reacts with the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal •The resulting cyclic hemiacetal, a six-membered ring, is called pyranose beca ...
... •For an aldohexose such as glucose, a single molecule provides both the aldehyde and the alcohol : the C-1 aldehyde in the open-chain form of glucose reacts with the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal •The resulting cyclic hemiacetal, a six-membered ring, is called pyranose beca ...
Chapter 25: Urinary System
... to form several reduced coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) that store the energy • In summary: each Acetyl CoA molecule that enters the Krebs ...
... to form several reduced coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) that store the energy • In summary: each Acetyl CoA molecule that enters the Krebs ...
NAD (H) Linked Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions using Coupled
... zirconium nanoparticles. No detectable activity was observed in either the supernatant or in the particles by adsorption method when enzymes were added to alumina. This suggests that direct contact with the surface of the alumina particles denatures the enzyme completely. Unsuccessful direct couplin ...
... zirconium nanoparticles. No detectable activity was observed in either the supernatant or in the particles by adsorption method when enzymes were added to alumina. This suggests that direct contact with the surface of the alumina particles denatures the enzyme completely. Unsuccessful direct couplin ...
Nucleotide
... - Hypoxanthine (I) is commonly found in transfer RNA (tRNA) as an essential modification but in DNA as a mismatch due to its preferential base-pairing with cytosine (C) - In both DNA and tRNA, hypoxanthine (I) results from the deamination of adenine (A) ...
... - Hypoxanthine (I) is commonly found in transfer RNA (tRNA) as an essential modification but in DNA as a mismatch due to its preferential base-pairing with cytosine (C) - In both DNA and tRNA, hypoxanthine (I) results from the deamination of adenine (A) ...
Molecule of the Month: AgrA DNA Binding Domain AgrA is the
... identical to half of the AgrA DNA binding domain, the two molecules bind DNA in completely different ways. It is proposed that the LytTR domains may have arisen due to a duplication event that gave it new function3. The protein binds DNA by sitting along the axis of DNA and making contact with bases ...
... identical to half of the AgrA DNA binding domain, the two molecules bind DNA in completely different ways. It is proposed that the LytTR domains may have arisen due to a duplication event that gave it new function3. The protein binds DNA by sitting along the axis of DNA and making contact with bases ...
File - John Robert Warner
... • Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation–reduction reactions of substrate molecules, most commonly addition or removal of oxygen or hydrogen. Because oxidation and reduction must occur together, these enzymes require coenzymes that are reduced or oxidized as the substrate is oxidized or reduced. ...
... • Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation–reduction reactions of substrate molecules, most commonly addition or removal of oxygen or hydrogen. Because oxidation and reduction must occur together, these enzymes require coenzymes that are reduced or oxidized as the substrate is oxidized or reduced. ...
11. Archaea and Bacteria
... the phospholipid biosynthesis, because it reacts with most polar head groups to form phospholipids with the corresponding polar group by replacing CMP moiety of CDP-archaeol. CDP-archaeol synthase uses specifically unsaturated archaetidic acid with geranylgeranyl chains as isoprenoid chains, while a ...
... the phospholipid biosynthesis, because it reacts with most polar head groups to form phospholipids with the corresponding polar group by replacing CMP moiety of CDP-archaeol. CDP-archaeol synthase uses specifically unsaturated archaetidic acid with geranylgeranyl chains as isoprenoid chains, while a ...
Cell Energy Powerpoint
... The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources ...
... The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of anabolism Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources ...
human-physiology-ii-lecture-endomembrane
... •There are two kinds of ER, rough and smooth. •The functions of RER include the synthesis of protein, modification/processing and quality control of newly synthesized proteins. •The SER has functions in several metabolic processes. •It takes part in the synthesis of various lipids , fatty acids and ...
... •There are two kinds of ER, rough and smooth. •The functions of RER include the synthesis of protein, modification/processing and quality control of newly synthesized proteins. •The SER has functions in several metabolic processes. •It takes part in the synthesis of various lipids , fatty acids and ...
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is dispensable in blood
... he production of ATP by most eukaryotes occurs in two phases: (i) glycolysis, which oxidizes glucose into pyruvate; and (ii) oxidative phosphorylation or chemiosmosis, in which pyruvate is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide and water within the mitochondrion. During chemiosmosis, the mitochondrial r ...
... he production of ATP by most eukaryotes occurs in two phases: (i) glycolysis, which oxidizes glucose into pyruvate; and (ii) oxidative phosphorylation or chemiosmosis, in which pyruvate is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide and water within the mitochondrion. During chemiosmosis, the mitochondrial r ...
Cytochrome P450 - Spektrum der Wissenschaft
... Production of steroid hormones by fission yeast cells expressing human mitochondrial cytochromes P450 Genetically engineered microorganisms are being increasingly used for the industrial production of complicated chemical compounds such as steroids; however, there have been few reports on the use of ...
... Production of steroid hormones by fission yeast cells expressing human mitochondrial cytochromes P450 Genetically engineered microorganisms are being increasingly used for the industrial production of complicated chemical compounds such as steroids; however, there have been few reports on the use of ...
Amino Acids Objectives
... across the mitochondrial membrane by converting malate to oxaloacetate, and that to aspartate. Malate can be transported into the mitochondria as an antiport with αketoglutarate. Aspartate can be transported into the cytosol as an antiport with glutamate. Ornithine/citrulline is an antiport that car ...
... across the mitochondrial membrane by converting malate to oxaloacetate, and that to aspartate. Malate can be transported into the mitochondria as an antiport with αketoglutarate. Aspartate can be transported into the cytosol as an antiport with glutamate. Ornithine/citrulline is an antiport that car ...
Test Example
... (a) List the types of noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the threedimensional structures of macromolecules. (b) Why is it important that these interactions be noncovalent, rather than covalent, bonds? Ans: (a) Noncovalent interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic ...
... (a) List the types of noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the threedimensional structures of macromolecules. (b) Why is it important that these interactions be noncovalent, rather than covalent, bonds? Ans: (a) Noncovalent interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic ...
role of aldehyde oxidase and keto
... proteins belonging to the family of molybdoflavoenzymes along with xanthine oxido reductase (XOR), the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines (1,2). In their catalytically active form, both AOXs and XORs are dimers of identical subunits characterzed by three conserved domains separated by nonconser ...
... proteins belonging to the family of molybdoflavoenzymes along with xanthine oxido reductase (XOR), the key enzyme in the catabolism of purines (1,2). In their catalytically active form, both AOXs and XORs are dimers of identical subunits characterzed by three conserved domains separated by nonconser ...
The effect of endurance-training on the maximum activities of
... maximum capacities of both anaerobic and aerobic processes in cardiac muscle are unaffected by the intensity of training resulting from the regime employed in this study. Similarly, this type of training had no effect on the a c t i v i t y of 6-phosphofructokinase in fast-oxidative or white skeleta ...
... maximum capacities of both anaerobic and aerobic processes in cardiac muscle are unaffected by the intensity of training resulting from the regime employed in this study. Similarly, this type of training had no effect on the a c t i v i t y of 6-phosphofructokinase in fast-oxidative or white skeleta ...
Genes and Enzymes in Man
... determing phenylketonuria and have a partial deficiency of the It is now generally believed that genes exert their effects by enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, and this, of course, is only 1 directing the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins. There example out of many. A few cases are also known ...
... determing phenylketonuria and have a partial deficiency of the It is now generally believed that genes exert their effects by enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, and this, of course, is only 1 directing the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins. There example out of many. A few cases are also known ...
Colorimetric End-Point Determination
... Enzymes are also found in low concentration in body fluids. They may be plasma specific enzymes or non-plasma specific enzymes which have no known physiological function in the plasma. While some of these enzymes are secreted, others come from the disintegration of cells during the normal process of ...
... Enzymes are also found in low concentration in body fluids. They may be plasma specific enzymes or non-plasma specific enzymes which have no known physiological function in the plasma. While some of these enzymes are secreted, others come from the disintegration of cells during the normal process of ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Control of Glycolysis Of what value is glycolysis for cells? provides energy in form of ATP provides building blocks for synthetic reactions Where are most control points found? enzymes that catalyze irreversible reactions ...
... Control of Glycolysis Of what value is glycolysis for cells? provides energy in form of ATP provides building blocks for synthetic reactions Where are most control points found? enzymes that catalyze irreversible reactions ...
Ketone Bodies, Potential Therapeutic Uses
... The ability of brain to use ketone bodies, with one notable exception, the treatment of epilepsy by prolonged fastings, has not been utilized therapeutically. In the early 20th century, French neurologists, including Pierre Marie, proposed fasting as a treatment for epilepsy on the grounds that it w ...
... The ability of brain to use ketone bodies, with one notable exception, the treatment of epilepsy by prolonged fastings, has not been utilized therapeutically. In the early 20th century, French neurologists, including Pierre Marie, proposed fasting as a treatment for epilepsy on the grounds that it w ...
CK-NAC Reagent (Creatine Kinase, activated by N
... with the thiol compound N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) which reactivates the CK molecule by rapidly reducing oxidised sulfydryl compounds at the active site. 2. In the second stage the substrate creatine phosphate initiates a series of catalysed reactions. In the first of these reactions CK catalyses the ...
... with the thiol compound N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) which reactivates the CK molecule by rapidly reducing oxidised sulfydryl compounds at the active site. 2. In the second stage the substrate creatine phosphate initiates a series of catalysed reactions. In the first of these reactions CK catalyses the ...
The role of photosynthesis and amino acid metabolism in the energy
... of carbohydrates. However, during situations in which carbohydrate supply is limited, the plant cell can modify its metabolism to utilize alternative respiratory substrates. Among these substrates are proteins. Protein degradation is a highly regulated process, involving a multitude of cellular reac ...
... of carbohydrates. However, during situations in which carbohydrate supply is limited, the plant cell can modify its metabolism to utilize alternative respiratory substrates. Among these substrates are proteins. Protein degradation is a highly regulated process, involving a multitude of cellular reac ...
Chapter 3—Thermodynamics of Biological Systems MULTIPLE
... c. the G of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the G due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP d. electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy e. both b and c are correct ANS: B ...
... c. the G of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the G due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP d. electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy e. both b and c are correct ANS: B ...
Triosephosphate Isomerase (T2507) - Datasheet - Sigma
... While the reaction is reversible, the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is favored by a ratio of 20:1 over the reverse reaction.1 A deficiency in TPI is an autosomal recessive disorder in children under five characterized by cardiomyopathy, congenital hemolytic anemia, and susceptibility to ba ...
... While the reaction is reversible, the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is favored by a ratio of 20:1 over the reverse reaction.1 A deficiency in TPI is an autosomal recessive disorder in children under five characterized by cardiomyopathy, congenital hemolytic anemia, and susceptibility to ba ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.