Biochem09 - Amit Kessel Ph.D
... A. It is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane. B. It is a mobile carrier between cytochrome reductase and cytochrome oxidase. C. It is reversibly oxidized and reduced during electron transport. D. It is a lipid-soluble molecule. E. The oxidized form is reduced by NADH/CoQ reductase and the ...
... A. It is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane. B. It is a mobile carrier between cytochrome reductase and cytochrome oxidase. C. It is reversibly oxidized and reduced during electron transport. D. It is a lipid-soluble molecule. E. The oxidized form is reduced by NADH/CoQ reductase and the ...
File
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
Metabolism
... • The activation energy, EA – Is the initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction – Is often supplied in the form of heat from the surroundings in a system ...
... • The activation energy, EA – Is the initial amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction – Is often supplied in the form of heat from the surroundings in a system ...
Lab 5
... Virtually every living cell processes glucose in order to obtain energy in the form of ATP. This process is called glycolysis, the lysis or splitting of glucose. In addition to the desired ATP—a net of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose—glycolysis yields the product, pyruvate (CH3COCOO-) and the byproduc ...
... Virtually every living cell processes glucose in order to obtain energy in the form of ATP. This process is called glycolysis, the lysis or splitting of glucose. In addition to the desired ATP—a net of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose—glycolysis yields the product, pyruvate (CH3COCOO-) and the byproduc ...
Alkene epoxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 BM-3 139-3 Edgardo T. Farinas,
... P450s are known to epoxidize a broad range of alkenes and arenes, with rates ranging from 1 min21 for microsomal proteins to 3200 min21 for bacterial enzymes.1 Using styrene for comparison, P450cam from Pseudomonas putida is reported to have an initial rate of NADH consumption of 51 min21, with only ...
... P450s are known to epoxidize a broad range of alkenes and arenes, with rates ranging from 1 min21 for microsomal proteins to 3200 min21 for bacterial enzymes.1 Using styrene for comparison, P450cam from Pseudomonas putida is reported to have an initial rate of NADH consumption of 51 min21, with only ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... fits the shape of the reacting molecule called a substrate • contains amino acid R groups that bind the substrate • releases products when the reaction is complete On the surface of an enzyme, a small region called an active site binds a substrate and catalyzes a reaction of that substrate. Chemistr ...
... fits the shape of the reacting molecule called a substrate • contains amino acid R groups that bind the substrate • releases products when the reaction is complete On the surface of an enzyme, a small region called an active site binds a substrate and catalyzes a reaction of that substrate. Chemistr ...
Membrane Protein Expression in Cell
... amino acids into the synthesised protein of higher than 10% can be obtained, resulting in the production of several milligrams of protein per 1 mL of reaction (5, 6). Further beneficial characteristics of CF expression systems are small handling volumes of only few millilitres, short reaction times ...
... amino acids into the synthesised protein of higher than 10% can be obtained, resulting in the production of several milligrams of protein per 1 mL of reaction (5, 6). Further beneficial characteristics of CF expression systems are small handling volumes of only few millilitres, short reaction times ...
Facultative Anaerobiosis in the Invertebrates: Pathways and Control
... and quantitatively with each parasite. It is of interest, however, that a surprising number of parasitic helminths accumulate one product in common. That is succinate. Representative nematodes which form succinate or products presumably derived from succinate include Ascaris lurnbricoides, Heterakis ...
... and quantitatively with each parasite. It is of interest, however, that a surprising number of parasitic helminths accumulate one product in common. That is succinate. Representative nematodes which form succinate or products presumably derived from succinate include Ascaris lurnbricoides, Heterakis ...
CH_16_5_16_6_Enzymes_Enzyme_Action
... fits the shape of the reacting molecule called a substrate • contains amino acid R groups that bind the substrate • releases products when the reaction is complete On the surface of an enzyme, a small region called an active site binds a substrate and catalyzes a reaction of that substrate. Chemistr ...
... fits the shape of the reacting molecule called a substrate • contains amino acid R groups that bind the substrate • releases products when the reaction is complete On the surface of an enzyme, a small region called an active site binds a substrate and catalyzes a reaction of that substrate. Chemistr ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... which drive glucose 6-phosphate into biosynthetic pathways, does not appear to be regulated by the carbon source in R. tropici, because high activities were obtained in different carbon sources. Activities of the malic enzymes and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase and isocitrate ...
... which drive glucose 6-phosphate into biosynthetic pathways, does not appear to be regulated by the carbon source in R. tropici, because high activities were obtained in different carbon sources. Activities of the malic enzymes and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes citrate synthase and isocitrate ...
Document
... most dietary fat transported to adipose for storage dietary TAGs hydrolyzed in the intestine by pancreatic lipases; then reassembled in the intestinal cells dietary fats transported to tissues as TAG or cholesterol ...
... most dietary fat transported to adipose for storage dietary TAGs hydrolyzed in the intestine by pancreatic lipases; then reassembled in the intestinal cells dietary fats transported to tissues as TAG or cholesterol ...
ATP regulation in bioproduction
... method for supplying ATP was developed using the glycolytic kinases present in cell extracts in the presence of added glucose [39]. Further, combinatorial use of glycolytic kinases and creatine kinase increases the ATP supply and improves protein production [39]. Recently, the hexametaphosphate was ...
... method for supplying ATP was developed using the glycolytic kinases present in cell extracts in the presence of added glucose [39]. Further, combinatorial use of glycolytic kinases and creatine kinase increases the ATP supply and improves protein production [39]. Recently, the hexametaphosphate was ...
ATP regulation in bioproduction
... method for supplying ATP was developed using the glycolytic kinases present in cell extracts in the presence of added glucose [39]. Further, combinatorial use of glycolytic kinases and creatine kinase increases the ATP supply and improves protein production [39]. Recently, the hexametaphosphate was ...
... method for supplying ATP was developed using the glycolytic kinases present in cell extracts in the presence of added glucose [39]. Further, combinatorial use of glycolytic kinases and creatine kinase increases the ATP supply and improves protein production [39]. Recently, the hexametaphosphate was ...
Chapter 8
... Exchange Rxn 2 establishes steps a,b and c. Exchange Rxns 3 and 4 establish steps a and b. Succinate Dehydrogenase. At this point all of the reactions that result in reduction in carbon chain length are complete, 2 CO2 have been eliminated 2 NADH and 1 ATP have been made and we are back with a 4-car ...
... Exchange Rxn 2 establishes steps a,b and c. Exchange Rxns 3 and 4 establish steps a and b. Succinate Dehydrogenase. At this point all of the reactions that result in reduction in carbon chain length are complete, 2 CO2 have been eliminated 2 NADH and 1 ATP have been made and we are back with a 4-car ...
Enzymes | Principles of Biology from Nature Education
... vitamins that are essential for proper nutrition and bodily function are coenzymes (e.g., vitamin C). For example, coenzyme A interacts with acetyl groups in fatty acid synthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways of cellular respiration. Coenzyme A plays such an important role in these reactions, amon ...
... vitamins that are essential for proper nutrition and bodily function are coenzymes (e.g., vitamin C). For example, coenzyme A interacts with acetyl groups in fatty acid synthesis and pyruvate oxidation pathways of cellular respiration. Coenzyme A plays such an important role in these reactions, amon ...
mitochondrial biogenesis during
... systems but this is the first time that such a striking transition has been observed . It is interesting to note that treatment of L cells with ethidium bromide leads to progressive mitochondrial changes (Soslau and Nass, 1971) resulting, finally, in mitochondria which are morphologically very simil ...
... systems but this is the first time that such a striking transition has been observed . It is interesting to note that treatment of L cells with ethidium bromide leads to progressive mitochondrial changes (Soslau and Nass, 1971) resulting, finally, in mitochondria which are morphologically very simil ...
Food Processing and Utilization
... locations to synthesize two 18-carbon fatty acids synthesized by plants: linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) or linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). However, these fatty acids are needed to synthesize prostaglandins and some of the phospholipids found in plasma membranes throughout the body. Th ...
... locations to synthesize two 18-carbon fatty acids synthesized by plants: linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) or linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). However, these fatty acids are needed to synthesize prostaglandins and some of the phospholipids found in plasma membranes throughout the body. Th ...
Anaerobic protists and hidden mitochondria
... IscU which are present in a double membrane-bound mitochondrial remnant organelle (Tovar et al., 2003). However, with the exception of Nyctotherus ovalis (Hackstein et al., 1999), all mitochondrial remnant organelles, including hydrogenosomes, lack an organelle genome, which was the major distinctio ...
... IscU which are present in a double membrane-bound mitochondrial remnant organelle (Tovar et al., 2003). However, with the exception of Nyctotherus ovalis (Hackstein et al., 1999), all mitochondrial remnant organelles, including hydrogenosomes, lack an organelle genome, which was the major distinctio ...
PDF - Biochemical Journal
... Cyanide produced an inmediate increase in efflux of 2SMg2+. Fluoracetate and iodoacetic acid produced a less-marked increase in efflux, which was shown after a lag period of 20 miin. Aldosterone had no effect on the efflux. Since both fluoroacetate and iodoacetic acid increased the efflux of 28Mg2+ ...
... Cyanide produced an inmediate increase in efflux of 2SMg2+. Fluoracetate and iodoacetic acid produced a less-marked increase in efflux, which was shown after a lag period of 20 miin. Aldosterone had no effect on the efflux. Since both fluoroacetate and iodoacetic acid increased the efflux of 28Mg2+ ...
Co-enzyme derived from vitamin and their role in metabolic action
... By the end of the lecture the students should be able to:List vitamin B- complex Study biological active co- enzyme Study the metabolic role of coenzyme derived from vitamin B complex INTRODUCTION Vitamins are substances needed in small amounts for normal body functions that the body cannot synthesi ...
... By the end of the lecture the students should be able to:List vitamin B- complex Study biological active co- enzyme Study the metabolic role of coenzyme derived from vitamin B complex INTRODUCTION Vitamins are substances needed in small amounts for normal body functions that the body cannot synthesi ...
End-products, Fermentation Balances and Molar
... This relationship was linear up to at least an E of 0.7. Analytical methods. Glucose was determined colorimetrically with a Glucostat (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, New Jersey, U.S.A.) by the procedure of Chayken (1966). Lactic acid was determined by the colorimetric method of Barke ...
... This relationship was linear up to at least an E of 0.7. Analytical methods. Glucose was determined colorimetrically with a Glucostat (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, New Jersey, U.S.A.) by the procedure of Chayken (1966). Lactic acid was determined by the colorimetric method of Barke ...
(β/α)8-barrel enzymes present in completely sequenced genomes
... of biochemical pathways in the terms that enzymes within a pathway are likely to be homologous. The TIM, ENOL and PK as the enzymes and the glycolysis as the pathway seem to be very good examples of such an evolutionary behaviour (Fig. 1). With regard to the conservative glycine and proline residues ...
... of biochemical pathways in the terms that enzymes within a pathway are likely to be homologous. The TIM, ENOL and PK as the enzymes and the glycolysis as the pathway seem to be very good examples of such an evolutionary behaviour (Fig. 1). With regard to the conservative glycine and proline residues ...
File
... 5.2 Oxidation Numbers Oxidation number the apparent charge an atom would have if it gained or lost its bonding electrons Consider the example of sulfur dioxide, SO2. In sulfur dioxide, oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur. Since oxygen gains two electrons to form the oxide ion, O-2, in ionic c ...
... 5.2 Oxidation Numbers Oxidation number the apparent charge an atom would have if it gained or lost its bonding electrons Consider the example of sulfur dioxide, SO2. In sulfur dioxide, oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur. Since oxygen gains two electrons to form the oxide ion, O-2, in ionic c ...
1 Biochemistry 462a – Hemoglobin Structure and Function Reading
... The differences in O2 affinity between T-State (deoxy) and R-State (oxy) Hb can be understood in terms of the changes in quaternary structure that accompany the conversion of deoxy Hb to oxy Hb. o The shift from the deoxy to oxy conformation arises from the fact that in deoxy Hb the iron lies out of ...
... The differences in O2 affinity between T-State (deoxy) and R-State (oxy) Hb can be understood in terms of the changes in quaternary structure that accompany the conversion of deoxy Hb to oxy Hb. o The shift from the deoxy to oxy conformation arises from the fact that in deoxy Hb the iron lies out of ...
The Organellar Genome and Metabolic Potential
... It is generally accepted that hydrogenosomes (hydrogen-producing organelles) evolved from a mitochondrial ancestor. However, until recently, only indirect evidence for this hypothesis was available. Here, we present the almost complete genome of the hydrogen-producing mitochondrion of the anaerobic ...
... It is generally accepted that hydrogenosomes (hydrogen-producing organelles) evolved from a mitochondrial ancestor. However, until recently, only indirect evidence for this hypothesis was available. Here, we present the almost complete genome of the hydrogen-producing mitochondrion of the anaerobic ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.