Shedding Light on the Bioluminescence “Paradox”
... is often argued that luciferase has a higher affinity for oxygen than respiration does, and therefore might be useful in decreasing ambient O2. However this is based on assumptions that V. fischeri possesses a low-O2-affinity CyoABCDtype terminal oxidase and on measurements of respiration in cells g ...
... is often argued that luciferase has a higher affinity for oxygen than respiration does, and therefore might be useful in decreasing ambient O2. However this is based on assumptions that V. fischeri possesses a low-O2-affinity CyoABCDtype terminal oxidase and on measurements of respiration in cells g ...
Energy Metabolism of the Performance Horse. In
... reported that those endurance horses with a greater depletion of muscle glycogen stores and a lower reduction of muscle triglycerides were among the best during a 50 km ride compared to those horses that finished the competition at lower speeds (Table 6). The largest store of triglycerides is the ad ...
... reported that those endurance horses with a greater depletion of muscle glycogen stores and a lower reduction of muscle triglycerides were among the best during a 50 km ride compared to those horses that finished the competition at lower speeds (Table 6). The largest store of triglycerides is the ad ...
Enzymes of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid
... biochemical characterization had been performed prior to the evolution of experimental tools that have expedited the understanding the molecular basis of enzyme function. These enzymes are significant in animals since several have been identified as potentially useful targets for modulation of polyis ...
... biochemical characterization had been performed prior to the evolution of experimental tools that have expedited the understanding the molecular basis of enzyme function. These enzymes are significant in animals since several have been identified as potentially useful targets for modulation of polyis ...
Magnesium: Mineral Link to Energy
... magnesium for its activity, and is the enzymatic key to the overall rate of this cycle. In the mitochondrial membrane creates a proton gradient. The energy generated by this proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis. The enzyme complex ATPase, which uses the energy from the electron trans ...
... magnesium for its activity, and is the enzymatic key to the overall rate of this cycle. In the mitochondrial membrane creates a proton gradient. The energy generated by this proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis. The enzyme complex ATPase, which uses the energy from the electron trans ...
Lactic acid fermentation
... is usually done through an electron transport chain in a process called oxidative phosphorylation; however, this mechanism is not available without oxygen.[3][4] Instead, the NADH donates its extra electrons to the pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis. Since the NADH has lost electrons, NAD+ ...
... is usually done through an electron transport chain in a process called oxidative phosphorylation; however, this mechanism is not available without oxygen.[3][4] Instead, the NADH donates its extra electrons to the pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis. Since the NADH has lost electrons, NAD+ ...
cellrespir
... – Without enough oxygen, muscle cells break down glucose to produce lactic acid – Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated ...
... – Without enough oxygen, muscle cells break down glucose to produce lactic acid – Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated ...
Can sequence determine function? | Genome Biology | Full Text
... sequence identity, but in some cases structural information may be required to detect their homology. Specificity diverse superfamily: homologous enzymes that often have less than 30% pairwise sequence identity and catalyze the same reaction with different substrate specificities. Mechanistically di ...
... sequence identity, but in some cases structural information may be required to detect their homology. Specificity diverse superfamily: homologous enzymes that often have less than 30% pairwise sequence identity and catalyze the same reaction with different substrate specificities. Mechanistically di ...
Lipid Metabolism
... circulating lipid is carried in lipoproteins that transport the lipid to various tissues for energy utilization, lipid deposition, steroid hormone production, and bile acid formation. •The lipoprotein consists of esterified and unesterified cholesterol, triglycerides, ...
... circulating lipid is carried in lipoproteins that transport the lipid to various tissues for energy utilization, lipid deposition, steroid hormone production, and bile acid formation. •The lipoprotein consists of esterified and unesterified cholesterol, triglycerides, ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... •8 acetyl CoA enter citric acid cycle and give: •24 NADH = 72 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 FADH2 = 16 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 GTP = 8 ATP •7 NADH generated by beta oxidation itself = 21 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •7 FADH2 generated by beta oxidation itself = 14 ATP (by ...
... •8 acetyl CoA enter citric acid cycle and give: •24 NADH = 72 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 FADH2 = 16 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 GTP = 8 ATP •7 NADH generated by beta oxidation itself = 21 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •7 FADH2 generated by beta oxidation itself = 14 ATP (by ...
Gluconeogenesis: Objectives
... 11. How and where are (a) lactate and (b) alanine (produced by active skeletal muscle) converted to glucose? a. Lactate (from muscles) and alanine are converted in the liver. b. Lactate is converted to Pyruvate…eventually, make new glucose. c. Alanine is converted to Pyruvate…eventually make new glu ...
... 11. How and where are (a) lactate and (b) alanine (produced by active skeletal muscle) converted to glucose? a. Lactate (from muscles) and alanine are converted in the liver. b. Lactate is converted to Pyruvate…eventually, make new glucose. c. Alanine is converted to Pyruvate…eventually make new glu ...
Biochemistry I, Spring Term 2003 - Second Exam:
... a) Enzymes are usually proteins that function as catalysts. b) Enzymes are usually specific. c) Enzymes may be used many times for a specific reaction. d) The active site of an enzyme remains rigid and does not change shape. 6. The nucleophile that is used in both serine proteases and HIV protease i ...
... a) Enzymes are usually proteins that function as catalysts. b) Enzymes are usually specific. c) Enzymes may be used many times for a specific reaction. d) The active site of an enzyme remains rigid and does not change shape. 6. The nucleophile that is used in both serine proteases and HIV protease i ...
Bioelectrochemical Determination of Citric Acid in Real Samples
... better mixing with the sample solution. In the absence of TPP no response was observed while for concentrations higher than 0.8 mm TPP the response became constant; subsequent work used 1mM TPP. Several cations were examined as activators of POD. In addition to sensitivity, the criterion for the fin ...
... better mixing with the sample solution. In the absence of TPP no response was observed while for concentrations higher than 0.8 mm TPP the response became constant; subsequent work used 1mM TPP. Several cations were examined as activators of POD. In addition to sensitivity, the criterion for the fin ...
... with tripolyphosphate or trimetaphosphate as substrate, and these activities may have been due in part to PP, contamination of the substrates. The enzyme did not hydrolyse organic pyrophosphates, indicating that MgPP, is the probable substrate for the U . urealyticum PPase. Comparison of the relativ ...
Exam2-2007wAnswers.doc
... D) reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water. E) combines with electrons to form CO2. Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Skill: Factual ...
... D) reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water. E) combines with electrons to form CO2. Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Skill: Factual ...
Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes
... 1. Describe the general bonding pattern of α-amino acids and understand how amino acids are classified by the polarity and charge of their side-chains. 2. Given the table of twenty common amino acids (Table 1.1), determine the total charge of the dominant form of an amino acid (at physiological pH ...
... 1. Describe the general bonding pattern of α-amino acids and understand how amino acids are classified by the polarity and charge of their side-chains. 2. Given the table of twenty common amino acids (Table 1.1), determine the total charge of the dominant form of an amino acid (at physiological pH ...
Chapter 8
... Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves ...
... Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves ...
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is a GABAA Receptor
... were separately PCR amplified by the primers 5⬘-CCGCTCGAGCGGAAGCTTACCATGGGG-3⬘ and 5⬘-GGAATTCCGAGTCCTCGGTCGATTTTGC-3⬘, and the resulting 400 bp cDNAs were in-frame subcloned in a second vector, pEYFP-N1 (BD Biosciences Clontech, Erembodegem, Belgium), between XhoI and EcoR1. For the control construc ...
... were separately PCR amplified by the primers 5⬘-CCGCTCGAGCGGAAGCTTACCATGGGG-3⬘ and 5⬘-GGAATTCCGAGTCCTCGGTCGATTTTGC-3⬘, and the resulting 400 bp cDNAs were in-frame subcloned in a second vector, pEYFP-N1 (BD Biosciences Clontech, Erembodegem, Belgium), between XhoI and EcoR1. For the control construc ...
Pyruvate Oxidation Overview of pyruvate metabolism - Rose
... possible for the pyruvate concentration inside the mitochondria to be higher than outside. The energy for the pump comes from a proton gradient, in which the proton concentration outside the mitochondria is higher than it is inside. Many other molecules are present only on one side of the membrane, ...
... possible for the pyruvate concentration inside the mitochondria to be higher than outside. The energy for the pump comes from a proton gradient, in which the proton concentration outside the mitochondria is higher than it is inside. Many other molecules are present only on one side of the membrane, ...
Document
... The diagram represents a system in a space station that includes a tank containing algae. An astronaut from a spaceship boards the space station. A- State two changes in the chemical composition of the space station atmosphere that would result from turning on more lights. B- State two changes in t ...
... The diagram represents a system in a space station that includes a tank containing algae. An astronaut from a spaceship boards the space station. A- State two changes in the chemical composition of the space station atmosphere that would result from turning on more lights. B- State two changes in t ...
respiration_DSE_revi..
... both the mitochondria (during cellular respiration) and in the chloroplast (during photosynthesis). These two ...
... both the mitochondria (during cellular respiration) and in the chloroplast (during photosynthesis). These two ...
Glucose-dependent, CAMP-mediated ATP efflux from
... was to permeabilize the plasma membrane non-specifically, the relative concentrations of extracellular ATP and ADP would be a direct reflection of their intracellular concentrations. This would cause the efflux of ATP to appear to be glucose-dependent because the intracellular concentration of ATP i ...
... was to permeabilize the plasma membrane non-specifically, the relative concentrations of extracellular ATP and ADP would be a direct reflection of their intracellular concentrations. This would cause the efflux of ATP to appear to be glucose-dependent because the intracellular concentration of ATP i ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 bonds, the resulting digest contains isomaltose [a disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attached by 1-6 linkage]. E. Because food remains for a short time in the mouth, digestion of starch and glycogen may be incomplete and gives a partial ...
... Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 bonds, the resulting digest contains isomaltose [a disaccharide in which two glucose molecules are attached by 1-6 linkage]. E. Because food remains for a short time in the mouth, digestion of starch and glycogen may be incomplete and gives a partial ...
Metabolic processes of Methanococcus maripaludis and potential
... Table 2 Structure and functions of unusual coenzymes involved in methanogenesis of M. maripaludis ...
... Table 2 Structure and functions of unusual coenzymes involved in methanogenesis of M. maripaludis ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.