13synthesis
... - These are endergonic and reductive reactions, use ATP as source of energy and reduced electron carrier usually NADPH as reductant. * Fatty acid synthesis: - F.A synthesis is not the reversal of the degradative pathway, different sets of enzymes. ...
... - These are endergonic and reductive reactions, use ATP as source of energy and reduced electron carrier usually NADPH as reductant. * Fatty acid synthesis: - F.A synthesis is not the reversal of the degradative pathway, different sets of enzymes. ...
Regeneration of Cofactors for Enzyme Biocatalysis
... reflects several important factors such as concentration and degradation of the cofactor over time, regioselectivity of regeneration, rate of catalysis, and time of reaction. Additionally, the availability of regenerative enzymes or reagents and their stability under process conditions is an importa ...
... reflects several important factors such as concentration and degradation of the cofactor over time, regioselectivity of regeneration, rate of catalysis, and time of reaction. Additionally, the availability of regenerative enzymes or reagents and their stability under process conditions is an importa ...
Chapter 13 Lecture Notes: Peptides, Proteins
... In addition to alpha helices and beta sheets, there are a few other, much less frequently seen geometries that are also categorized as secondary structures. Since these other secondary structures are relatively rare, I will not discuss their particularities. A key feature of secondary protein struct ...
... In addition to alpha helices and beta sheets, there are a few other, much less frequently seen geometries that are also categorized as secondary structures. Since these other secondary structures are relatively rare, I will not discuss their particularities. A key feature of secondary protein struct ...
A new simple fluorimetric method to assay cytosolic ATP content
... not discriminate cytosolic ATP from the total one. Nevertheless, the assessment of cytosolic ATP is of a remarkable interest as it plays a crucial role, in particular when cellular activities modulated by this ATP pool have to be studied. This is the case of bioenergetic studies on durum wheat (Trit ...
... not discriminate cytosolic ATP from the total one. Nevertheless, the assessment of cytosolic ATP is of a remarkable interest as it plays a crucial role, in particular when cellular activities modulated by this ATP pool have to be studied. This is the case of bioenergetic studies on durum wheat (Trit ...
Phenylalanineaminopeptidase of L. pneumophila
... on the host intracellular peptides or the products of the host proteins digested by Legionella secretory proteinases, including the metalloproteinase. A more precise description of the way this bacterium produces free amino acids requires more extensive characterization of its proteinases. Unfortuna ...
... on the host intracellular peptides or the products of the host proteins digested by Legionella secretory proteinases, including the metalloproteinase. A more precise description of the way this bacterium produces free amino acids requires more extensive characterization of its proteinases. Unfortuna ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
... Formation of a double bond in a fatty acid involves the following endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in mammalian cells: NADH-cyt b5 Reductase, a flavoprotein with FAD as prosthetic group. Cytochrome b5, which may be a separate protein or a domain at one end of the desaturase. Desaturase, ...
Degradation of Amino Acids
... 1. The enzyme is the principal source of NH4+ in the body. GDH is a mitochondrial enzyme located in matrix, present in liver cells and most tissues. 2. Important for three reasons: (i) Link between TCA cycle & metabolism of AA ( keto acids are TCA cycle intermediates). (ii) In mammals, only reactio ...
... 1. The enzyme is the principal source of NH4+ in the body. GDH is a mitochondrial enzyme located in matrix, present in liver cells and most tissues. 2. Important for three reasons: (i) Link between TCA cycle & metabolism of AA ( keto acids are TCA cycle intermediates). (ii) In mammals, only reactio ...
emboj200897-sup
... substrate (hence the autokinase activity is measured), it is important to control the initial phosphorylation level of the samples. Supplementary Figure 3 shows a similar starting phosphorylation level for all wild type Etk and mutant samples used in this study. The fully dephosphorylated protein sa ...
... substrate (hence the autokinase activity is measured), it is important to control the initial phosphorylation level of the samples. Supplementary Figure 3 shows a similar starting phosphorylation level for all wild type Etk and mutant samples used in this study. The fully dephosphorylated protein sa ...
Active Transport of Uridine Through a Liquid Organic Membrane
... possibility of actively transporting hydrophilic, dial-containing ligands through liquid organic membranes using PBA as the carrier and a F- ion concentration gradient as the electrochemical driving force. Here we report the passive and active transport of the ribonucleoside. utidine, which apparent ...
... possibility of actively transporting hydrophilic, dial-containing ligands through liquid organic membranes using PBA as the carrier and a F- ion concentration gradient as the electrochemical driving force. Here we report the passive and active transport of the ribonucleoside. utidine, which apparent ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... The Krebs Cycle - This is the second stage, and the products of this stage of the aerobic system are a net production of 1 ATP, 1 carbon dioxide Molecule, three reduced NAD molecules, 1 reduced FAD molecule (The molecules of NAD and FAD mentioned here are electron carriers, and if they are said to b ...
... The Krebs Cycle - This is the second stage, and the products of this stage of the aerobic system are a net production of 1 ATP, 1 carbon dioxide Molecule, three reduced NAD molecules, 1 reduced FAD molecule (The molecules of NAD and FAD mentioned here are electron carriers, and if they are said to b ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen. ...
... Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen. ...
Unit F214 - Communication, homeostasis and energy - High
... OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the new GCE specifications and to bridge the gap between new specification release and availability of exemplar candidate work. This content has been produced by senior OCR examiners, with ...
... OCR has produced these candidate style answers to support teachers in interpreting the assessment criteria for the new GCE specifications and to bridge the gap between new specification release and availability of exemplar candidate work. This content has been produced by senior OCR examiners, with ...
Metabolic fuels: regulating fluxes to select mix
... Animals must regulate the fluxes of multiple fuels to support changing metabolic rates that result from variation in physiological circumstances. The aim of fuel selection strategies is to exploit the advantages of individual substrates while minimizing the impact of disadvantages. All exercising ma ...
... Animals must regulate the fluxes of multiple fuels to support changing metabolic rates that result from variation in physiological circumstances. The aim of fuel selection strategies is to exploit the advantages of individual substrates while minimizing the impact of disadvantages. All exercising ma ...
6_Enzymes - WordPress.com
... their ability to act as Lewis acids and through chelate formation. Example of a metal functioning as a Lewis acid is the zinc in carbonic anhydrase. The metal can also promote catalysis by binding substrate at the site of bond cleavage. In carboxypeptidase, the carbonyl oxygen is chelated to the zin ...
... their ability to act as Lewis acids and through chelate formation. Example of a metal functioning as a Lewis acid is the zinc in carbonic anhydrase. The metal can also promote catalysis by binding substrate at the site of bond cleavage. In carboxypeptidase, the carbonyl oxygen is chelated to the zin ...
The Depth of Chemical Time and the Power of Enzymes as Catalysts
... According to a “rule of thumb”, traceable to some early experiments by Harcourt, reaction rates tend to double with a 10 °C rise of temperature12 so that “Q10 ) 2”. One would then expect a 65-fold increase in rate if the temperature rose from 25 to 100 °C. However, reactions can be conducted at high ...
... According to a “rule of thumb”, traceable to some early experiments by Harcourt, reaction rates tend to double with a 10 °C rise of temperature12 so that “Q10 ) 2”. One would then expect a 65-fold increase in rate if the temperature rose from 25 to 100 °C. However, reactions can be conducted at high ...
The Depth of Chemical Time and the Power of Enzymes
... According to a “rule of thumb”, traceable to some early experiments by Harcourt, reaction rates tend to double with a 10 °C rise of temperature12 so that “Q10 ) 2”. One would then expect a 65-fold increase in rate if the temperature rose from 25 to 100 °C. However, reactions can be conducted at high ...
... According to a “rule of thumb”, traceable to some early experiments by Harcourt, reaction rates tend to double with a 10 °C rise of temperature12 so that “Q10 ) 2”. One would then expect a 65-fold increase in rate if the temperature rose from 25 to 100 °C. However, reactions can be conducted at high ...
Unit 4 Notes
... • Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A in the link reaction to produce acetylcoenzyme A • Acetylcoenzyme A is effectively a two carbon molecule that combines with a four carbon molecule to produce a six carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle. In a series of oxidationreduction reactions the Krebs ...
... • Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A in the link reaction to produce acetylcoenzyme A • Acetylcoenzyme A is effectively a two carbon molecule that combines with a four carbon molecule to produce a six carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle. In a series of oxidationreduction reactions the Krebs ...
Plant biotin-containing carboxylases
... protein where the highly conserved ‘‘(A/I/V)-M-K-(L/V/ M/A/T’’ biotinylation signature sequence is present. Because these proteins contain an alanine- and prolinerich hinge region, their migration on SDS–PAGE is anomalous, and the apparent molecular weights of the mature proteins are in the range of ...
... protein where the highly conserved ‘‘(A/I/V)-M-K-(L/V/ M/A/T’’ biotinylation signature sequence is present. Because these proteins contain an alanine- and prolinerich hinge region, their migration on SDS–PAGE is anomalous, and the apparent molecular weights of the mature proteins are in the range of ...
Modular organization of cardiac energy metabolism: energy
... De la Fuente et al. 2010). The breakdown of compounds through catabolism and build-up through anabolism (i.e. metabolism) are coupled to energy conversion with subsequent ATP hydrolysis to perform cellular work. The role of mitochondrial OxPhosph in free energy transformation in catabolic reactions ...
... De la Fuente et al. 2010). The breakdown of compounds through catabolism and build-up through anabolism (i.e. metabolism) are coupled to energy conversion with subsequent ATP hydrolysis to perform cellular work. The role of mitochondrial OxPhosph in free energy transformation in catabolic reactions ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier Store
... activation in humans. Stimulation of the human visual cortex was performed experimentally by presenting a visual stimulus in the form of a reversing annular checkerboard (i), and CBF, CMRO2, and CMRglu were determined by PET (ii) (see Box 12.1). When compared with viewing a blank screen, visual stim ...
... activation in humans. Stimulation of the human visual cortex was performed experimentally by presenting a visual stimulus in the form of a reversing annular checkerboard (i), and CBF, CMRO2, and CMRglu were determined by PET (ii) (see Box 12.1). When compared with viewing a blank screen, visual stim ...
Muscle Metabolic Adaptation to Exercise
... • Endurance type (aerobic): such as running or swimming, causes a gradual transformation of some FO fibers into FOG fibers. • The transformed fibers show slight increase in diameter, number of mitochondria, blood supply and strength. • This also results in CVS and respiratory change. • The exercise ...
... • Endurance type (aerobic): such as running or swimming, causes a gradual transformation of some FO fibers into FOG fibers. • The transformed fibers show slight increase in diameter, number of mitochondria, blood supply and strength. • This also results in CVS and respiratory change. • The exercise ...
Exercises and Solutions
... • How many enzymes are part of the BRENDA pyrimidine metabolism? • How many enzymes are part of the KEGG pyrimidine metabolism? Exercise 16 • Display the BRENDA interactive benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway • What is the final metabolite in this pathway? • Show the molecule diagram, the molecular form ...
... • How many enzymes are part of the BRENDA pyrimidine metabolism? • How many enzymes are part of the KEGG pyrimidine metabolism? Exercise 16 • Display the BRENDA interactive benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway • What is the final metabolite in this pathway? • Show the molecule diagram, the molecular form ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... • The individual steps of fatty acid synthesis are similar across all organisms • The mammalian pathway (Figure 24.7) is a cycle of elongation that involves six enzyme activities • Elongation is initiated by transfer of the acyl moiety of acetyl-CoA to the acyl carrier protein by the malonyl-CoA-ace ...
... • The individual steps of fatty acid synthesis are similar across all organisms • The mammalian pathway (Figure 24.7) is a cycle of elongation that involves six enzyme activities • Elongation is initiated by transfer of the acyl moiety of acetyl-CoA to the acyl carrier protein by the malonyl-CoA-ace ...
Chapter 4 - Open Science Online
... The archaea have glycolytic pathway which can convert glucose to pyruvate. The pyruvate can then enter the GABA shunt pathway generating succinyl CoA and glycine, the substrates for porphyrin synthesis by archaea and humans. Porphyrin supramolecular arrays or porphyrions can transfer electrons synth ...
... The archaea have glycolytic pathway which can convert glucose to pyruvate. The pyruvate can then enter the GABA shunt pathway generating succinyl CoA and glycine, the substrates for porphyrin synthesis by archaea and humans. Porphyrin supramolecular arrays or porphyrions can transfer electrons synth ...
Krebs Cycle - cloudfront.net
... Recall that glycolysis, stage I of cellular respiration, produces two molecules of pyruvate. These molecules enter the matrix of a mitochondrion, where they start the Krebs cycle. The reactions that occur next are shown in Figure 1.1. You can watch an animated version at this link: http://www.youtub ...
... Recall that glycolysis, stage I of cellular respiration, produces two molecules of pyruvate. These molecules enter the matrix of a mitochondrion, where they start the Krebs cycle. The reactions that occur next are shown in Figure 1.1. You can watch an animated version at this link: http://www.youtub ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.