T03 growth2013
... Microbial growth (assimilation) is an endergonic process and requires energy input for the conversion of ingredients from the growth medium into biomass. This energy is derived from the energy source component of the growth medium. Typically an energy source consists of a suitable electron donor and ...
... Microbial growth (assimilation) is an endergonic process and requires energy input for the conversion of ingredients from the growth medium into biomass. This energy is derived from the energy source component of the growth medium. Typically an energy source consists of a suitable electron donor and ...
Specificity of the Organic Acid Activation of
... is stimulated and stabilized by pyruvate (Zhang et al., 1996), it is obvious that pyruvate reacts directly with the AOX protein. In soybean, it has been shown that pyruvate generated intramitochondrially during oxidation of malate and succinate can also lead to activation of AOX (Day et al., 1994), ...
... is stimulated and stabilized by pyruvate (Zhang et al., 1996), it is obvious that pyruvate reacts directly with the AOX protein. In soybean, it has been shown that pyruvate generated intramitochondrially during oxidation of malate and succinate can also lead to activation of AOX (Day et al., 1994), ...
Skeletal muscle phenotype affects fasting
... respectively (Fig. 2). However, it must be noted that the maximal rates of oxygen consumption failed to reach statistical significance in gastrocnemius mitochondria respiring on pyruvate/malate (P=0.06; Fig. 2C). The basal non-phosphorylating respiration rates measured in the presence of oligomycin ...
... respectively (Fig. 2). However, it must be noted that the maximal rates of oxygen consumption failed to reach statistical significance in gastrocnemius mitochondria respiring on pyruvate/malate (P=0.06; Fig. 2C). The basal non-phosphorylating respiration rates measured in the presence of oligomycin ...
Unit 13: Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques
... for learners who wish to further their knowledge and understanding of biochemistry and these biological sciences. The unit includes consideration of the biochemical techniques used to investigate the structures and functions of biological molecules. The different levels of structure of proteins are ...
... for learners who wish to further their knowledge and understanding of biochemistry and these biological sciences. The unit includes consideration of the biochemical techniques used to investigate the structures and functions of biological molecules. The different levels of structure of proteins are ...
Regulation of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase by ADP
... dephosphorylation inhibitor ADP (Fig. 2,Table 1) [9]. According to this proposed mechanism, the higher ADP/ATP ratios occurring in the dark (i.e., increased stromal [ADP]) favor the inactivation/phosphorylation reaction. Key to this proposed mechanism is the observation that ADP is a potent competit ...
... dephosphorylation inhibitor ADP (Fig. 2,Table 1) [9]. According to this proposed mechanism, the higher ADP/ATP ratios occurring in the dark (i.e., increased stromal [ADP]) favor the inactivation/phosphorylation reaction. Key to this proposed mechanism is the observation that ADP is a potent competit ...
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTION
... Oxidation numbers are the charges atoms in a compound would have if the electrons of each bond belonged to the more electronegative atoms. ...
... Oxidation numbers are the charges atoms in a compound would have if the electrons of each bond belonged to the more electronegative atoms. ...
What is food
... 10 tubes for the ten substances (label A-I and W) 10 drops in each tube FOOD 10 drops water to each tube 10 drops indicator to each tub Record results in Table 2 ...
... 10 tubes for the ten substances (label A-I and W) 10 drops in each tube FOOD 10 drops water to each tube 10 drops indicator to each tub Record results in Table 2 ...
Text S1
... in the proliferating cell [1]. Thus, as a counteraction, the cells resort to enhanced glycolysis and lactate secretion (and manifest the Warburg effect). To reexamine this hypothesis while aiming to avoid potential biases due to the set of analyzed reactions, we utilize a genome-scale human metaboli ...
... in the proliferating cell [1]. Thus, as a counteraction, the cells resort to enhanced glycolysis and lactate secretion (and manifest the Warburg effect). To reexamine this hypothesis while aiming to avoid potential biases due to the set of analyzed reactions, we utilize a genome-scale human metaboli ...
Enzymes with Molecular Tunnels - Department of Biochemistry | UW
... Tryptophan Synthase The last two steps in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan, as outlined in Scheme 1, are catalyzed by tryptophan synthase. In bacteria such as S. typhimurium, these two distinct reactions are catalyzed by separate polypeptide chains, referred to as the R- and β-subunits, which form a ...
... Tryptophan Synthase The last two steps in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan, as outlined in Scheme 1, are catalyzed by tryptophan synthase. In bacteria such as S. typhimurium, these two distinct reactions are catalyzed by separate polypeptide chains, referred to as the R- and β-subunits, which form a ...
Secondary metabolism is a term for pathways and products
... the energy of absorbed visible light to make organic compounds. These organic compounds are the starting point for all other biosynthetic pathway. The products of photosynthesis provide not only the substrate material but also chemical energy for all subsequent biosynthesis. The light of appropriate ...
... the energy of absorbed visible light to make organic compounds. These organic compounds are the starting point for all other biosynthetic pathway. The products of photosynthesis provide not only the substrate material but also chemical energy for all subsequent biosynthesis. The light of appropriate ...
Flux Balance Analysis of Photoautotrophic
... nutrient and light uptake rates. The maximum growth rate of photoautotrophically cultivated Synechocystis was measured to be 0.085 ( 0.015 h-l from four separate experiments. This value is consistent with other reported values (22). The carbon balance (in the absence of overflow products) and the gr ...
... nutrient and light uptake rates. The maximum growth rate of photoautotrophically cultivated Synechocystis was measured to be 0.085 ( 0.015 h-l from four separate experiments. This value is consistent with other reported values (22). The carbon balance (in the absence of overflow products) and the gr ...
4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase Has the Catalytic Capacity to
... ferulate, a very low but detectable amount of p4A was synthesized, accumulating at a 25-fold lower rate than in the presence of ferulate (Fig. 1; Table II). The rates of p4A and p5A synthesis were constant over a time period of at least 40 min when accumulation of radiolabeled products originating f ...
... ferulate, a very low but detectable amount of p4A was synthesized, accumulating at a 25-fold lower rate than in the presence of ferulate (Fig. 1; Table II). The rates of p4A and p5A synthesis were constant over a time period of at least 40 min when accumulation of radiolabeled products originating f ...
Enzymes
... molecules during the process of glycolysis, must take place thousands of times each second for life to continue in complex organisms such as humans. ...
... molecules during the process of glycolysis, must take place thousands of times each second for life to continue in complex organisms such as humans. ...
Fuel Metabolism PART 1: Structure and Function of Protein
... that transfers the acetyl group to coenzyme A, and a dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase that reoxidizes lipoic acid. Thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, coenzyme A, NAD+, and FAD serve as cofactors for these reactions. In addition, a kinase is present that phosphorylates and inactivates the decarboxylase ...
... that transfers the acetyl group to coenzyme A, and a dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase that reoxidizes lipoic acid. Thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, coenzyme A, NAD+, and FAD serve as cofactors for these reactions. In addition, a kinase is present that phosphorylates and inactivates the decarboxylase ...
Porphyrin Metabolism & Porphyrias
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
Enzymes–II
... Coenzymes are thermostable, dialyzable organic compounds. They may be either attached to the protein molecules or may be present in the cytoplasm. The coenzyme accounts for about 1% of the entire enzyme molecule. Sometimes, a distinction is made between coenzymes and cofactors : the former includes ...
... Coenzymes are thermostable, dialyzable organic compounds. They may be either attached to the protein molecules or may be present in the cytoplasm. The coenzyme accounts for about 1% of the entire enzyme molecule. Sometimes, a distinction is made between coenzymes and cofactors : the former includes ...
CHAPTER 6
... degraded by removal of 2-C units (acetate) • Albert Lehninger showed that this occurred in the mitochondria • F. Lynen and E. Reichart showed that the 2-C unit released is acetyl-CoA, not free acetate • The process begins with oxidation of the carbon that is "b" to the carboxyl carbon, so the proces ...
... degraded by removal of 2-C units (acetate) • Albert Lehninger showed that this occurred in the mitochondria • F. Lynen and E. Reichart showed that the 2-C unit released is acetyl-CoA, not free acetate • The process begins with oxidation of the carbon that is "b" to the carboxyl carbon, so the proces ...
Understanding Our Environment
... Resulting complexes split into twelve 3PGA molecules. NADPH and ATP supply energy and electrons that reduce 3PGA to 12 GA3P. Ten of the twelve GA3P molecules are restructured into six RuBP molecules. Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies ...
... Resulting complexes split into twelve 3PGA molecules. NADPH and ATP supply energy and electrons that reduce 3PGA to 12 GA3P. Ten of the twelve GA3P molecules are restructured into six RuBP molecules. Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies ...
Energy
... • A catabolic pathway in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions • Closed and open hydroelectric systems can serve as analogies Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • A catabolic pathway in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions • Closed and open hydroelectric systems can serve as analogies Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Lec6 Fatty acid oxid..
... mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to CoA). They need a carrier to transport them into mitochondria. This carrier is Carnitine which transports active fatty acid by the help of 3 enzymes: Carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT-1) Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine acyltransferase II (CAT-2 ...
... mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to CoA). They need a carrier to transport them into mitochondria. This carrier is Carnitine which transports active fatty acid by the help of 3 enzymes: Carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT-1) Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine acyltransferase II (CAT-2 ...
Changes in cardiac metabolism: a critical step from stable angina to
... of the rate of fatty acid oxidation removes inhibition of flux through PDH by NADH and acetyl-CoA, and results in more pyruvate oxidation and thus more glucose and lactate uptake. tissue, resulting in a decrease in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 4)[1,2,17]. The reduction in aerobic ...
... of the rate of fatty acid oxidation removes inhibition of flux through PDH by NADH and acetyl-CoA, and results in more pyruvate oxidation and thus more glucose and lactate uptake. tissue, resulting in a decrease in ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation (Fig. 4)[1,2,17]. The reduction in aerobic ...
BIOC203W1_Lecture Slides_Enzymes
... Enzymes are biological catalyst which increase, decrease or regulate the rate of biological reaction The proteins which have biological activity and can increase, decrease or regulate the rate of biological reaction are called ENZYME. Almost all enzymes are PROTEIN but all proteins are NOT enzymes F ...
... Enzymes are biological catalyst which increase, decrease or regulate the rate of biological reaction The proteins which have biological activity and can increase, decrease or regulate the rate of biological reaction are called ENZYME. Almost all enzymes are PROTEIN but all proteins are NOT enzymes F ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... • A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria • Acetate-based growth - net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate - is not possible with TCA • Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae • The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is ...
... • A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria • Acetate-based growth - net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate - is not possible with TCA • Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae • The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is ...
Flux-balance Analysis - Systems Biology Research Group
... The pentose phosphate pathway has not been included, since its activity is believed to be quite low for mitochondrial related functions. The oxidative metabolism of substrates takes place in the mitochondria; thus the substrates, metabolites and cofactors must cross the selectively permeable membran ...
... The pentose phosphate pathway has not been included, since its activity is believed to be quite low for mitochondrial related functions. The oxidative metabolism of substrates takes place in the mitochondria; thus the substrates, metabolites and cofactors must cross the selectively permeable membran ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.