Answers - U of L Class Index
... e. A C10 fatty acid chain requires 4 cycles with 2 NADPH/cycle or a total of 8 NADPH. f. The four cycles remove a total of 4 CO2. a. A C14 fatty acid requires the formation of 6 malonyl ACP, which requires 6HCO3 . b. 6 ATP are required to produce 6 malonyl CoA. c. 7 acetyl CoA are needed to make 1 a ...
... e. A C10 fatty acid chain requires 4 cycles with 2 NADPH/cycle or a total of 8 NADPH. f. The four cycles remove a total of 4 CO2. a. A C14 fatty acid requires the formation of 6 malonyl ACP, which requires 6HCO3 . b. 6 ATP are required to produce 6 malonyl CoA. c. 7 acetyl CoA are needed to make 1 a ...
Functions of Ribosome-Associated Chaperones and their Interaction
... unfolded polypeptide is protected from being degraded or from incorrect contact with other molecules that may lead to aggregation. Moreover, for polypeptides that start their folding program co-translationally, chaperone binding might support very early folding. Beyond the interaction of newly synth ...
... unfolded polypeptide is protected from being degraded or from incorrect contact with other molecules that may lead to aggregation. Moreover, for polypeptides that start their folding program co-translationally, chaperone binding might support very early folding. Beyond the interaction of newly synth ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrate Metabolism
... • An enzymatic anaerobic reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate occurs mainly in muscles – leads to tiredness & pain. • Purpose – conversion of NADH to NAD+ for increased rate of glycolysis. • Lactate is converted back to Pyruvate when aerobic conditions are reestablished in the cell. • Muscle fatigue ass ...
... • An enzymatic anaerobic reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate occurs mainly in muscles – leads to tiredness & pain. • Purpose – conversion of NADH to NAD+ for increased rate of glycolysis. • Lactate is converted back to Pyruvate when aerobic conditions are reestablished in the cell. • Muscle fatigue ass ...
Enzyme Substrate Interactions Identification of Enzyme Catalytic Site
... • Enzyme concentration: – At saturating substrate concentration, the initial velocity is directly related to the enzyme concentration. E + S = ES = E + P. Thus, as long as S is not limiting, more E leads to more ES. ...
... • Enzyme concentration: – At saturating substrate concentration, the initial velocity is directly related to the enzyme concentration. E + S = ES = E + P. Thus, as long as S is not limiting, more E leads to more ES. ...
p-IRS-1/2 (Tyr 612)-R: sc-17195-R
... Tyr 896. Rodent Ser 99 and Thr 502 of IRS-1 are casein kinase II-dependent phosphorylation sites. There is an increase in Ser 636 phosphorylation of IRS-1 in primary skeletal muscle cells from patients with type 2 diabetes. IGF-I and anisomycin treatment converge downstream onto mTOR and PKC δ to in ...
... Tyr 896. Rodent Ser 99 and Thr 502 of IRS-1 are casein kinase II-dependent phosphorylation sites. There is an increase in Ser 636 phosphorylation of IRS-1 in primary skeletal muscle cells from patients with type 2 diabetes. IGF-I and anisomycin treatment converge downstream onto mTOR and PKC δ to in ...
Slides
... Indicates types of Rxn as: Small molecule rxn, transport rxn, protein-small-molecule rxn (one substrate is protein and one is a small molecule), protein rxn (all substrates are proteins), etc. ...
... Indicates types of Rxn as: Small molecule rxn, transport rxn, protein-small-molecule rxn (one substrate is protein and one is a small molecule), protein rxn (all substrates are proteins), etc. ...
Increasing the thermostability of sucrose
... repulsion of E460 as well as of D490. It has, therefore, been substituted by a histidine to create a network of ion pairs. Finally, variant N was created to promote the interaction between the enzyme’s subunits. Indeed, residue R393 is located at the enzyme’s dimer interface and was believed to indu ...
... repulsion of E460 as well as of D490. It has, therefore, been substituted by a histidine to create a network of ion pairs. Finally, variant N was created to promote the interaction between the enzyme’s subunits. Indeed, residue R393 is located at the enzyme’s dimer interface and was believed to indu ...
sheet#30
... glutamate which gives ammonia. The resulted pyruvate may undergo gluconeogenesis and form glucose. That is why we call it glucose-alanine cycle. Then ammonia in the liver enters the urea cycle. Urea cycle: Urea compound: has two amino groups and carbonyl group. One amino group comes directly from fr ...
... glutamate which gives ammonia. The resulted pyruvate may undergo gluconeogenesis and form glucose. That is why we call it glucose-alanine cycle. Then ammonia in the liver enters the urea cycle. Urea cycle: Urea compound: has two amino groups and carbonyl group. One amino group comes directly from fr ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
... reducing equivalents available. In the oxidative step in the triose phosphate pathway, NAD+ is reduced. The electrode potential of this system (NAD+ /NADH2 ) is −0.28 V. The electrode potential of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction is −0.18 V. Since this is at a higher potential, reduced NAD will do ...
... reducing equivalents available. In the oxidative step in the triose phosphate pathway, NAD+ is reduced. The electrode potential of this system (NAD+ /NADH2 ) is −0.28 V. The electrode potential of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction is −0.18 V. Since this is at a higher potential, reduced NAD will do ...
Appearances can be Deceiving
... attaching to sulfhydrly groups. Hair and nails are rich in these groups and grow at a known rate, so the doctor could also confirm when she began to be poisoned. If he did this he would have seen that it was 9 months earlier, the exact time that she inherited the money and her husband’s affair was i ...
... attaching to sulfhydrly groups. Hair and nails are rich in these groups and grow at a known rate, so the doctor could also confirm when she began to be poisoned. If he did this he would have seen that it was 9 months earlier, the exact time that she inherited the money and her husband’s affair was i ...
Muscles
... raised and ready through the splitting of ATP. However it is not able to bind together with ease, because the actin molecule is physically blocked by a protein known as tropomyosin. For the muscle to contract the tropomyosin must be moved out of the bonding. For this to happen, Tropomyosin and tropo ...
... raised and ready through the splitting of ATP. However it is not able to bind together with ease, because the actin molecule is physically blocked by a protein known as tropomyosin. For the muscle to contract the tropomyosin must be moved out of the bonding. For this to happen, Tropomyosin and tropo ...
Mitochondrial Medicine Arrives to Prime Time in Clinical Care
... ATP synthase. A fifth component—(5) accessory fuel sources—feeds other sugars such as fructose into the glycolysis pathway and feeds nonsugar fuels such as alcohol, amino acids, and fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as acetylCoA. Genotropic defects can occur at any of the enzymatic and transport step ...
... ATP synthase. A fifth component—(5) accessory fuel sources—feeds other sugars such as fructose into the glycolysis pathway and feeds nonsugar fuels such as alcohol, amino acids, and fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as acetylCoA. Genotropic defects can occur at any of the enzymatic and transport step ...
Mitochondrial Medicine Arrives to Prime Time in Clinical Care
... ATP synthase. A fifth component—(5) accessory fuel sources—feeds other sugars such as fructose into the glycolysis pathway and feeds nonsugar fuels such as alcohol, amino acids, and fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as acetylCoA. Genotropic defects can occur at any of the enzymatic and transport step ...
... ATP synthase. A fifth component—(5) accessory fuel sources—feeds other sugars such as fructose into the glycolysis pathway and feeds nonsugar fuels such as alcohol, amino acids, and fatty acids into the Krebs cycle as acetylCoA. Genotropic defects can occur at any of the enzymatic and transport step ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... An enzyme in a pathway that controls the rate of the reaction. 2. PR Speeds up a reaction by combining with an enzyme in the pathway. 3. Z Removal of a peptide activates the enzyme. 4. FC Some product binds to the first enzyme to limit the synthesis of product. ...
... An enzyme in a pathway that controls the rate of the reaction. 2. PR Speeds up a reaction by combining with an enzyme in the pathway. 3. Z Removal of a peptide activates the enzyme. 4. FC Some product binds to the first enzyme to limit the synthesis of product. ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... ond stage, the acetyl groups are fed into the citric acid cycle, which enzymatically oxidizes them to CO2; the energy released is conserved in the reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2. In the third stage of respiration, these reduced coenzymes are themselves oxidized, giving up protons (H) and ...
... ond stage, the acetyl groups are fed into the citric acid cycle, which enzymatically oxidizes them to CO2; the energy released is conserved in the reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2. In the third stage of respiration, these reduced coenzymes are themselves oxidized, giving up protons (H) and ...
Proton transfer pathways and mechanism in bacterial reaction centers Minireview
... forms of the rescuing acid, respectively; A3 is the intermediate proton acceptor group; Glu is the ¢nal proton acceptor Glu-L212 (Eq. 2); kON and kOFF are the on and o¡ rate constants of the acid molecule; kOFF P is the o¡ rate of the unprotonated acid molecule; k1 and k31 are the forward and revers ...
... forms of the rescuing acid, respectively; A3 is the intermediate proton acceptor group; Glu is the ¢nal proton acceptor Glu-L212 (Eq. 2); kON and kOFF are the on and o¡ rate constants of the acid molecule; kOFF P is the o¡ rate of the unprotonated acid molecule; k1 and k31 are the forward and revers ...
Chapter 4.32
... traverses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments. In N-glycosylation, a preformed oligosaccharide moiety is transferred en bloc from a long-chain isoprenoid lipid (dolichol) onto the specific N-glycosylation site via an N-glycosidic linkage to the asparagine (Asn) residue of a nascent ...
... traverses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments. In N-glycosylation, a preformed oligosaccharide moiety is transferred en bloc from a long-chain isoprenoid lipid (dolichol) onto the specific N-glycosylation site via an N-glycosidic linkage to the asparagine (Asn) residue of a nascent ...
Structure and function of radical SAM enzymes
... HemN is utilized in anaerobic heme biosynthesis. Oxygen-independent CPO activity was first reported in cellfree extracts under anaerobic conditions in 1969 [61]. The first bacterial hemN gene putatively expressing an anaerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidase was sequenced in ...
... HemN is utilized in anaerobic heme biosynthesis. Oxygen-independent CPO activity was first reported in cellfree extracts under anaerobic conditions in 1969 [61]. The first bacterial hemN gene putatively expressing an anaerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidase was sequenced in ...
Lec 16: Nitrogen (ammonia) assimilation
... Bacterial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase prefers using glutamine instead of NH3. Similarly eukaryotic cytosolic (also called form II) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase also preferably uses glutamine. ...
... Bacterial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase prefers using glutamine instead of NH3. Similarly eukaryotic cytosolic (also called form II) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase also preferably uses glutamine. ...
Student notes in ppt
... a shuttle system, called the citrate shuttle, is required to move the C2 units across the membrane. Citrate transport out of the mitochondria provides a mechanism to stimulate fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol when acetyl CoA accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. This build-up of acetyl CoA occ ...
... a shuttle system, called the citrate shuttle, is required to move the C2 units across the membrane. Citrate transport out of the mitochondria provides a mechanism to stimulate fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol when acetyl CoA accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. This build-up of acetyl CoA occ ...
Cell Energy - Kuliah FTSL
... • Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles glucose ...
... • Lactic acid fermentation—occurs in muscle cells Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles glucose ...
FREE Sample Here
... c. the G of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the G due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP d. electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy e. both b and c are correct ANS: B ...
... c. the G of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the G due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP d. electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy e. both b and c are correct ANS: B ...
Enzymes
... This complex lowers the activation energy in the reaction: o without the enzyme becoming consumed o and without changing the equilibrium of the reaction. A product is produced at the end of the reaction M. Zaharna Clin. Chem. 2015 ...
... This complex lowers the activation energy in the reaction: o without the enzyme becoming consumed o and without changing the equilibrium of the reaction. A product is produced at the end of the reaction M. Zaharna Clin. Chem. 2015 ...
Generation of Free Radical
... the cellular level, which involves proper thyroid hormone levels, healthy mitochondrial function, and an active ...
... the cellular level, which involves proper thyroid hormone levels, healthy mitochondrial function, and an active ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.