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Cellular Respiration
... of electron carrying proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. • These proteins transfer electrons from one to another, down the chain. • These electrons are added, along with some of the H+ protons, to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. This produces water. • The rest of the H+ ...
... of electron carrying proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. • These proteins transfer electrons from one to another, down the chain. • These electrons are added, along with some of the H+ protons, to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. This produces water. • The rest of the H+ ...
Mass-Action Ratios!
... releasing the "pressure" that concentration changes (causing ratios that are shifted from equilibrium) bring. ...
... releasing the "pressure" that concentration changes (causing ratios that are shifted from equilibrium) bring. ...
Membrane Structure and Function
... so: chemical force due to ion concentration gradient electrical force affects movement of ion due to membrane potential = electrochemical gradient if down gradient = passive if against gradient = active ...
... so: chemical force due to ion concentration gradient electrical force affects movement of ion due to membrane potential = electrochemical gradient if down gradient = passive if against gradient = active ...
Cellular Metabolism
... continue. To regenerate oxidized NAD+ reduced NADH must get rid of the hydrogen by transferring these atoms to some acceptor molecule. Under anaerobic conditions (no O2) pyruvic acid acts as the H acceptor and is converted to lactic acid, with oxidized NAD+ regenerated to be used again. If glucose g ...
... continue. To regenerate oxidized NAD+ reduced NADH must get rid of the hydrogen by transferring these atoms to some acceptor molecule. Under anaerobic conditions (no O2) pyruvic acid acts as the H acceptor and is converted to lactic acid, with oxidized NAD+ regenerated to be used again. If glucose g ...
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... • Last stage of cellular respiration • Series of Reactions in which an electron is passed from one molecule to another to produce energy for synthesis of ATP ...
... • Last stage of cellular respiration • Series of Reactions in which an electron is passed from one molecule to another to produce energy for synthesis of ATP ...
Chapter 6 ENZYME SUBSTRATE REACTANTS PRODUCTS
... 4. This term includes all the chemical reactions that allow cells to build and break down substances. Metabolism 5. This is the pocket in the enzyme into which the substrate bind. Active Site 6. Conditions such as extreme pH, temperature of salt cause enzymes to do this. Denature 7. This term descri ...
... 4. This term includes all the chemical reactions that allow cells to build and break down substances. Metabolism 5. This is the pocket in the enzyme into which the substrate bind. Active Site 6. Conditions such as extreme pH, temperature of salt cause enzymes to do this. Denature 7. This term descri ...
An overview of Metabolism - Harford Community College
... • In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) ...
... • In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) ...
Adenylate Energy Charge
... In contrast, regulatory enzymes of anabolic sequences are not very active at low energy charge, but their activities increase as AEC nears 1.0 . ...
... In contrast, regulatory enzymes of anabolic sequences are not very active at low energy charge, but their activities increase as AEC nears 1.0 . ...
Chapter 15 Review Worksheet and Key
... Then, since two ATPs are generated in the final cycle, a total of 9 acetyl-CoA enter the citric cycle. The ATP produced as these 9 acetyl-CoA undergo the reactions of the citric acid cycle is calculated as follows: 9 Acetyl-CoA (1 ATP per citric acid cycle) = 9 ATP NADH (9 x 3) x 2.5 = 67.5 ATP ...
... Then, since two ATPs are generated in the final cycle, a total of 9 acetyl-CoA enter the citric cycle. The ATP produced as these 9 acetyl-CoA undergo the reactions of the citric acid cycle is calculated as follows: 9 Acetyl-CoA (1 ATP per citric acid cycle) = 9 ATP NADH (9 x 3) x 2.5 = 67.5 ATP ...
Biology Name_____________________________________
... information, graphic organizers not only help categorize facts but serve as a memory aid. You will make a graphic organizer that will serve as a study aid for this chapter. Your organizer must include symbols, pictures, diagrams, charts, etc. Do not simply put the words on a piece of paper. This ass ...
... information, graphic organizers not only help categorize facts but serve as a memory aid. You will make a graphic organizer that will serve as a study aid for this chapter. Your organizer must include symbols, pictures, diagrams, charts, etc. Do not simply put the words on a piece of paper. This ass ...
EOC Review - Dorman Freshman Campus
... product side of the equation • This is why the equation must be BALANCED ...
... product side of the equation • This is why the equation must be BALANCED ...
Cellular Respiration
... NADH and FADH2 made in the previous stages contain high energy electrons that can be transferred to other molecules. When removed, these electrons release energy which is used to make approx. 34 ATP. ...
... NADH and FADH2 made in the previous stages contain high energy electrons that can be transferred to other molecules. When removed, these electrons release energy which is used to make approx. 34 ATP. ...
chapter 7 membranes
... o Plasmolysis – damaging phenomenon when in hypertonic conditions, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall (bacteria and fungi also experience this) Facilitated diffusion – diffusion using channel proteins ...
... o Plasmolysis – damaging phenomenon when in hypertonic conditions, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall (bacteria and fungi also experience this) Facilitated diffusion – diffusion using channel proteins ...
Cellular Respiration (CR
... similarities between respiration between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (location and names of processes involved)? How many ATP’s are produced from each cell type? --------------------------------------------Define: The process of releasing energy (ATP) from food (glucose). Both consumers AND pro ...
... similarities between respiration between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (location and names of processes involved)? How many ATP’s are produced from each cell type? --------------------------------------------Define: The process of releasing energy (ATP) from food (glucose). Both consumers AND pro ...
BIO 101 Worksheet Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
... 6. _______ Glycolysis leads to fermentation in some bacteria and yeast 7. _______ Glycolysis involves an energy pay-off and then an energy investment phase 8. _______ A net of 4 ATP are produced in glycolysis 9. _______ Pyruvate contains 3 carbons 10. _______ Glycolysis involves 10 steps tightly con ...
... 6. _______ Glycolysis leads to fermentation in some bacteria and yeast 7. _______ Glycolysis involves an energy pay-off and then an energy investment phase 8. _______ A net of 4 ATP are produced in glycolysis 9. _______ Pyruvate contains 3 carbons 10. _______ Glycolysis involves 10 steps tightly con ...
Krebs Cycle - 2008 BIOCHEM 201
... • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are produced during one turn of the cycle. • NADH and FA ...
... • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are produced during one turn of the cycle. • NADH and FA ...
Cellular Respiration
... is water. A cell can therefore obtain energy from sugar molecules (or amino acids or fatty acids) by allowing the carbon and hydrogen atoms in these molecules to combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. This oxidation occurs through a series of steps called aerobic respiration Ove ...
... is water. A cell can therefore obtain energy from sugar molecules (or amino acids or fatty acids) by allowing the carbon and hydrogen atoms in these molecules to combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. This oxidation occurs through a series of steps called aerobic respiration Ove ...
Section 2-1: Nature of Matter
... 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reactio ...
... 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reactio ...
Inked Outline
... 4. What are the roles of ATP and NAD+ in glycolysis? 5. Compare and contrast the metabolism of lactose or maltose with that of glucose? ...
... 4. What are the roles of ATP and NAD+ in glycolysis? 5. Compare and contrast the metabolism of lactose or maltose with that of glucose? ...
Transaminase. There are many types for each amino acid. They are
... ● If you start from a substrate in the mitochondria such as AH2 that gets oxidized to A, then the first carrier is going to be a carrier of hydrogen. ● When the reducing equivalent reaches the outside surface of the membrane, the next carrier could be a carrier of electrons and cannot get reduced by ...
... ● If you start from a substrate in the mitochondria such as AH2 that gets oxidized to A, then the first carrier is going to be a carrier of hydrogen. ● When the reducing equivalent reaches the outside surface of the membrane, the next carrier could be a carrier of electrons and cannot get reduced by ...
Reactions of Photosynthesis (continued)
... followed by the Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle) and electron transport chain = cellular respiration – releases energy by breaking down food in the presence of oxygen ...
... followed by the Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle) and electron transport chain = cellular respiration – releases energy by breaking down food in the presence of oxygen ...
Overview of Cellular Respiration
... high-energy electrons on the electron carrier NADH. Note that no O2 is needed for this set of reactions, which means that glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen. The second stage is a short series of reactions called the oxidation of pyruvate during which pyruvate (3 carbon atoms) is conver ...
... high-energy electrons on the electron carrier NADH. Note that no O2 is needed for this set of reactions, which means that glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen. The second stage is a short series of reactions called the oxidation of pyruvate during which pyruvate (3 carbon atoms) is conver ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.