Ch 19 reading guide
... transformed into the high energy bond ____________________, which leads to phosphorylation of the enzyme on a ____________ residue, then finally to formation of ___________. 12. Draw the three-reaction transformation of succinate to oxaloacetate. (You need to know this basic pathway well because it ...
... transformed into the high energy bond ____________________, which leads to phosphorylation of the enzyme on a ____________ residue, then finally to formation of ___________. 12. Draw the three-reaction transformation of succinate to oxaloacetate. (You need to know this basic pathway well because it ...
Cellular Energy
... • The movement of protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space creates a high H+ (pH = 7) concentration in the intermembrane space and a low H+ (pH = 8) concentration in the matrix – this proton gradient becomes the source of energy used by the mitochondria to synthesize ATP, which is releas ...
... • The movement of protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space creates a high H+ (pH = 7) concentration in the intermembrane space and a low H+ (pH = 8) concentration in the matrix – this proton gradient becomes the source of energy used by the mitochondria to synthesize ATP, which is releas ...
Biology Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Notes Glycolysis: “Glucose splits”
... Explain how the human body uses its daily supply of ATP. Minimum functions (maintenance) = 75% of calories taken in each day Voluntary Activity = varies according to activity ...
... Explain how the human body uses its daily supply of ATP. Minimum functions (maintenance) = 75% of calories taken in each day Voluntary Activity = varies according to activity ...
Document
... form water, the final end-product of respiration. The oxygen diffused in from the tissue fluid, crossing the cell and mitochondrial membranes by lipid diffusion. Oxygen is only involved at the very last stage of respiration as the final electron acceptor, but without it the whole respiratory chain s ...
... form water, the final end-product of respiration. The oxygen diffused in from the tissue fluid, crossing the cell and mitochondrial membranes by lipid diffusion. Oxygen is only involved at the very last stage of respiration as the final electron acceptor, but without it the whole respiratory chain s ...
Honors Biology Midterm Reviewаа BASIC CHEMISTRY
... ○ Aided by cholesterol wedged in bilayer to keep liquid at lower temp. ○ Contain integrins give the membrane a strong framework by attaching to extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton ○ Some glycoproteins in membrane serve as id tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells ...
... ○ Aided by cholesterol wedged in bilayer to keep liquid at lower temp. ○ Contain integrins give the membrane a strong framework by attaching to extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton ○ Some glycoproteins in membrane serve as id tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells ...
We recommend this formula for anyone wanting to increase energy
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high energy molecule in cells. It is generated within the mitochondria. ATP is composed of adenosine (an adenine ring and a ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups. When in use ATP is broken down to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to provide energy. Energy from the bre ...
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high energy molecule in cells. It is generated within the mitochondria. ATP is composed of adenosine (an adenine ring and a ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups. When in use ATP is broken down to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to provide energy. Energy from the bre ...
BC 367 Biochemistry of the Cell I
... Pathways are controlled at a few key steps, usually the irreversible ones. ...
... Pathways are controlled at a few key steps, usually the irreversible ones. ...
Matabolic Stoichiometry and Energetics in
... and the connection between these mechanisms and ATP metabolism. Oxidation of a compound means that it loses electron and and that addition of electron is reduction of a compound. When an organic compound is oxidized biologically, it usually loses electrons in the form of hydrogen atoms similarly ...
... and the connection between these mechanisms and ATP metabolism. Oxidation of a compound means that it loses electron and and that addition of electron is reduction of a compound. When an organic compound is oxidized biologically, it usually loses electrons in the form of hydrogen atoms similarly ...
Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School
... Light energy. Electrons in the chlorophyll are excited and pass down the electron transport chain releasing the energy as they go. 12. What are two products of the light-dependent reactions? What is the waste product? ATP and NADPH; oxygen 13. How are the electrons used during the electron transport ...
... Light energy. Electrons in the chlorophyll are excited and pass down the electron transport chain releasing the energy as they go. 12. What are two products of the light-dependent reactions? What is the waste product? ATP and NADPH; oxygen 13. How are the electrons used during the electron transport ...
Bioluminescence
... appears in a sample of any substance, it indicates contamination by an organism. For example, the manufactures of Coca-Cola use firefly luciferin and luciferase to detect bacteria in syrups used to produce the beverages. Contaminated syrups glow in the presence of luciferin and luciferase because th ...
... appears in a sample of any substance, it indicates contamination by an organism. For example, the manufactures of Coca-Cola use firefly luciferin and luciferase to detect bacteria in syrups used to produce the beverages. Contaminated syrups glow in the presence of luciferin and luciferase because th ...
Effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on mitochondrial electron
... which induced a 54% decrease in cellular CoQ10 status. CoQ10 treatment (2.5 µM) for 5 days significantly (p<0.0005) decreased the level of mitochondrial superoxide in the CoQ10 deficient neurons. In addition, CoQ10 treatment (5 µM) restored mitochondrial membrane potential to 90% of the control leve ...
... which induced a 54% decrease in cellular CoQ10 status. CoQ10 treatment (2.5 µM) for 5 days significantly (p<0.0005) decreased the level of mitochondrial superoxide in the CoQ10 deficient neurons. In addition, CoQ10 treatment (5 µM) restored mitochondrial membrane potential to 90% of the control leve ...
Section 4. Overview of Fuel oxidation, ATP generation: Glycolysis is
... Fuel oxidation, ATP generation: Physiological processes require energy transfer from chemical bonds in food: ...
... Fuel oxidation, ATP generation: Physiological processes require energy transfer from chemical bonds in food: ...
Exam 4
... a. If Keq is greater than 1 and ∆G’° is negative. b. If Keq is 0 and ∆G’° is negative. c. If Keq is negative and ∆G’° is negative. d. If Keq is less than 1 and ∆G’° is positive. 7. Which of the following has a thioester bond? a. Phosphoenolpyruvate. b. ATP. c. phosphocreatine. ...
... a. If Keq is greater than 1 and ∆G’° is negative. b. If Keq is 0 and ∆G’° is negative. c. If Keq is negative and ∆G’° is negative. d. If Keq is less than 1 and ∆G’° is positive. 7. Which of the following has a thioester bond? a. Phosphoenolpyruvate. b. ATP. c. phosphocreatine. ...
Unit 3 Review Sheet – Biochemistry
... 5. What are the characteristics of water that make it important to life? Polar, high heat capacity, resists temperature change, ability to bond and attract other molecules (cohesion and adhesion), ice is less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, most abundant compound in living things 6. What ...
... 5. What are the characteristics of water that make it important to life? Polar, high heat capacity, resists temperature change, ability to bond and attract other molecules (cohesion and adhesion), ice is less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, most abundant compound in living things 6. What ...
sch3u unit 1 test: matter
... 3. All fluorescent lights, when analyzed in a spectrometer, exhibit the same lines in the yellow, green, and blue spectral regions. This is evidence that a. Fluorescent lights contain fluorine gas. b. There are no gases present in fluorescent lights. c. The same elements are present in all fluoresce ...
... 3. All fluorescent lights, when analyzed in a spectrometer, exhibit the same lines in the yellow, green, and blue spectral regions. This is evidence that a. Fluorescent lights contain fluorine gas. b. There are no gases present in fluorescent lights. c. The same elements are present in all fluoresce ...
The process of beta oxidation is named after the carbon atom in the
... the fatty acyl-CoA which becomes the most oxidized during the cyclic redox reactions that remove C2 units in form of acetyl-CoA from the fatty acyl chain. The beta carbon becomes the new carboxyl end of the shortened (n-2) fatty acyl-CoA. The oxidation steps are strictly analogous to the reaction st ...
... the fatty acyl-CoA which becomes the most oxidized during the cyclic redox reactions that remove C2 units in form of acetyl-CoA from the fatty acyl chain. The beta carbon becomes the new carboxyl end of the shortened (n-2) fatty acyl-CoA. The oxidation steps are strictly analogous to the reaction st ...
Learning Objectives Chapter 10
... anchored with palmityl, myristyl, fatty acyl groups or with geranylgeranyl or farnesyl isoprenyl groups. ...
... anchored with palmityl, myristyl, fatty acyl groups or with geranylgeranyl or farnesyl isoprenyl groups. ...
Electron Transport Chain Questions
... 3. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? In the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell 4. How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis? 2 ATP are used 5. How many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis? 4 ATP are made 6. What is the net gain of ATP for glyc ...
... 3. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? In the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell 4. How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis? 2 ATP are used 5. How many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis? 4 ATP are made 6. What is the net gain of ATP for glyc ...
Chapter 9 review sheet
... a. Starting with food on your kitchen table and oxygen in the air, explain how cells transfer the stored chemical potential “energy” in food to stored chemical potential “energy” in ATP. Draw a diagram to accompany your explanation if you wish. Be as specific as possible. Make sure you discuss affin ...
... a. Starting with food on your kitchen table and oxygen in the air, explain how cells transfer the stored chemical potential “energy” in food to stored chemical potential “energy” in ATP. Draw a diagram to accompany your explanation if you wish. Be as specific as possible. Make sure you discuss affin ...
1 Introduction and History Introduction to the course (syllabus
... (1) L-amino acids are used by biochemical systems (2) D-sugars are used by biochemical systems Nutrition and Growth A. General nutrition 1. general requirements a. nutrients = substances required for microbial growth (1) biosynthesis (2) energy production b. analysis of cells shows that 95% of dry w ...
... (1) L-amino acids are used by biochemical systems (2) D-sugars are used by biochemical systems Nutrition and Growth A. General nutrition 1. general requirements a. nutrients = substances required for microbial growth (1) biosynthesis (2) energy production b. analysis of cells shows that 95% of dry w ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Energy
... Then, citric acid is broken down in the next series of steps, releasing 2 molecules of CO2 and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. FAD is another electron carrier similar to NAD+ and NADP+ Finally, acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues The net yield from the ...
... Then, citric acid is broken down in the next series of steps, releasing 2 molecules of CO2 and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. FAD is another electron carrier similar to NAD+ and NADP+ Finally, acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues The net yield from the ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Energy
... Then, citric acid is broken down in the next series of steps, releasing 2 molecules of CO2 and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. FAD is another electron carrier similar to NAD+ and NADP+ Finally, acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues The net yield from the ...
... Then, citric acid is broken down in the next series of steps, releasing 2 molecules of CO2 and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. FAD is another electron carrier similar to NAD+ and NADP+ Finally, acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues The net yield from the ...
1. overall goals a. general knowledge of microbiology b. in
... (1) L-amino acids are used by biochemical systems (2) D-sugars are used by biochemical systems Nutrition and Growth A. General nutrition 1. general requirements a. nutrients = substances required for microbial growth (1) biosynthesis (2) energy production b. analysis of cells shows that 95% of dry w ...
... (1) L-amino acids are used by biochemical systems (2) D-sugars are used by biochemical systems Nutrition and Growth A. General nutrition 1. general requirements a. nutrients = substances required for microbial growth (1) biosynthesis (2) energy production b. analysis of cells shows that 95% of dry w ...
Review-Semester Final (Part I)
... Chemistry Review for Semester 1 Exam 1. Label protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms. Which electrons are the valence electrons? ...
... Chemistry Review for Semester 1 Exam 1. Label protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms. Which electrons are the valence electrons? ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.