![Understanding Biochemistry](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008289877_1-c3b244806d188b1f19871c6134cfb151-300x300.png)
Understanding Biochemistry
... electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. • As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be strai ...
... electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. • As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be strai ...
SIB Fall 2010 Exam I
... Glycolysis (where does it happen? what is the result?) **remember NAD+ vs. NADH and FAD+ vs. FADH2 (unreduced form vs. reduced form?) glucose > fructose-1,6-bisphosphate > glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate > pyruvate (What is produced/ where does this occur?) What is lactic acid (when might it buil ...
... Glycolysis (where does it happen? what is the result?) **remember NAD+ vs. NADH and FAD+ vs. FADH2 (unreduced form vs. reduced form?) glucose > fructose-1,6-bisphosphate > glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate > pyruvate (What is produced/ where does this occur?) What is lactic acid (when might it buil ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
... electrons to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) on the inner membrane of the mitochondria Electrons are passed from membrane protein to protein. • Each transfer releases energy and pumps H+ out of the matrix ...
... electrons to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) on the inner membrane of the mitochondria Electrons are passed from membrane protein to protein. • Each transfer releases energy and pumps H+ out of the matrix ...
DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND CELLULAR TRANSPORT
... diffusion via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein ...
... diffusion via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein ...
Chemistry 212 Name:
... fluorine. None of the halogens is particularly abundant in nature, however all are easily accessible in concentrated forms rendering this point moot. All halogens have high electron affinities and ionization energies. Each is the highest of their respective period. All readily form the –1 ion. All p ...
... fluorine. None of the halogens is particularly abundant in nature, however all are easily accessible in concentrated forms rendering this point moot. All halogens have high electron affinities and ionization energies. Each is the highest of their respective period. All readily form the –1 ion. All p ...
Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis
... of glycolysis is routed to produce lactate. It occurs at times when energy is required in the absence of oxygen. It is vital for tissues with high energy requirements, insufficient oxygen supply or absence of oxidative enzymes. Glycolysis produces reduced forms of NAD in the energy generation phase. ...
... of glycolysis is routed to produce lactate. It occurs at times when energy is required in the absence of oxygen. It is vital for tissues with high energy requirements, insufficient oxygen supply or absence of oxidative enzymes. Glycolysis produces reduced forms of NAD in the energy generation phase. ...
Mitochondria Mitochondria are the organelles that function as the
... carbohydrate can be broken into during digestion, gets oxidized and broken into two 3carbon molecules (pyruvates), which are then fed into the Kreb's Cycle. Glycolysis is the beginning of cellular respiration and takes place in the cytoplasm. Two molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis, but fou ...
... carbohydrate can be broken into during digestion, gets oxidized and broken into two 3carbon molecules (pyruvates), which are then fed into the Kreb's Cycle. Glycolysis is the beginning of cellular respiration and takes place in the cytoplasm. Two molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis, but fou ...
harvesting chemical energy
... one molecule of glucose. 1. Phosphorylation and the redox reactions are not directly coupled to each other, so the ratio of number of NADH to number of ATP is not a whole number. One NADH results in 10 H+ being transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Between 3 and 4 H+ must reenter ...
... one molecule of glucose. 1. Phosphorylation and the redox reactions are not directly coupled to each other, so the ratio of number of NADH to number of ATP is not a whole number. One NADH results in 10 H+ being transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Between 3 and 4 H+ must reenter ...
Chapter 19
... - E2 – succinyltransferase (with a flexible lipoamide prosthetic group) - E3 – dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (with FAD) ...
... - E2 – succinyltransferase (with a flexible lipoamide prosthetic group) - E3 – dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (with FAD) ...
Harvesting Electrons from the Citric Acid Cycle
... - E2 – succinyltransferase (with a flexible lipoamide prosthetic group) - E3 – dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (with FAD) ...
... - E2 – succinyltransferase (with a flexible lipoamide prosthetic group) - E3 – dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (with FAD) ...
Overview
... Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism 1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism. 2. Distinguish between potential and kinetic energy. 3. Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 4. Write and define each component of the equation for change in free e ...
... Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism 1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism. 2. Distinguish between potential and kinetic energy. 3. Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 4. Write and define each component of the equation for change in free e ...
ATP - Coach Blair`s Biology Website
... (light, heat, chemical, electrical, etc.) • Energy can be stored or released by chemical reactions. • Energy from the sunlight flows through living systems, from autotrophs to heterotrophs. • Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a cycle because one process uses the products of the other. • A ...
... (light, heat, chemical, electrical, etc.) • Energy can be stored or released by chemical reactions. • Energy from the sunlight flows through living systems, from autotrophs to heterotrophs. • Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a cycle because one process uses the products of the other. • A ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... example: fatty acid synthesis and degradation are not both turned on simultaneously. 2. Catabolic and anabolic pathways that connect the same two end points may use many of the same endpoints but at least one step is catalyzed by different enzymes. example: gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolys ...
... example: fatty acid synthesis and degradation are not both turned on simultaneously. 2. Catabolic and anabolic pathways that connect the same two end points may use many of the same endpoints but at least one step is catalyzed by different enzymes. example: gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolys ...
MULTIPLE CHOICE
... what are they, where do they occur, what are their reactants and products 5. Main products of the LDR? (i,e. Photosystems II, photosystem I, electron transport system Where are they, what happens in each (i.e. reactants and products) Role of photons, electrons and water, what does pumping H+ across ...
... what are they, where do they occur, what are their reactants and products 5. Main products of the LDR? (i,e. Photosystems II, photosystem I, electron transport system Where are they, what happens in each (i.e. reactants and products) Role of photons, electrons and water, what does pumping H+ across ...
Cellular Energy
... Energy (from breaking down food) is trapped temporarily in ATP Oxygen makes production of ATP more efficient ...
... Energy (from breaking down food) is trapped temporarily in ATP Oxygen makes production of ATP more efficient ...
Photosynthesis Powerpoint review
... In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day ...
... In C4 plants the steps of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated by location in different types of cells. How are these separated in CAM plants? By time; carbon fixation happens at night, then Calvin cycle uses the stored carbon during the day ...
Answer Key
... What is the final electron acceptor at the end of Electron Transport? oxygen What happens to the NADH’s produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle? If oxygen is present, goes to ETC. No oxygen onto fermentation. What high energy electron carriers are used in respiration? NAD+ and FAD How are these d ...
... What is the final electron acceptor at the end of Electron Transport? oxygen What happens to the NADH’s produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle? If oxygen is present, goes to ETC. No oxygen onto fermentation. What high energy electron carriers are used in respiration? NAD+ and FAD How are these d ...
Metabolic Processes
... This part of cellular respiration is called the Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid is a major intermediate created when acetyl co-A and oxaloacetate join together at the beginning of the cycle. ...
... This part of cellular respiration is called the Citric Acid Cycle because citric acid is a major intermediate created when acetyl co-A and oxaloacetate join together at the beginning of the cycle. ...
Notes
... The number of electrons ________________ by the species being oxidized must always equal the number of electrons ________________ by the species being reduced. ...
... The number of electrons ________________ by the species being oxidized must always equal the number of electrons ________________ by the species being reduced. ...
Biochemistry 2000 Sample Questions 5 Transport, Carbohydrates, Metabolism
... (21) (1) digestion, (2) glycolysis, (3) citric acid cycle, (4) oxidative phosphorylation (22) Definitions: (a) A pyranose is a cyclic monosaccharide with a 6-membered ring. (b) Mutarotation is the interconversion of the α- and β-anomeric forms of a cyclic monosaccharide. (c) The synthesis of complex ...
... (21) (1) digestion, (2) glycolysis, (3) citric acid cycle, (4) oxidative phosphorylation (22) Definitions: (a) A pyranose is a cyclic monosaccharide with a 6-membered ring. (b) Mutarotation is the interconversion of the α- and β-anomeric forms of a cyclic monosaccharide. (c) The synthesis of complex ...
Test 2
... As a way of comparing the energy available from the oxidation of fatty acids to that available from the oxidation of carbohydrates, one could compare the ATP produced from the oxidation of a six carbon fatty acid (hexanoic acid: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2COOH) with that produced from a six carbon sugar (gl ...
... As a way of comparing the energy available from the oxidation of fatty acids to that available from the oxidation of carbohydrates, one could compare the ATP produced from the oxidation of a six carbon fatty acid (hexanoic acid: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2COOH) with that produced from a six carbon sugar (gl ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.