Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to
... Nearly all of the energy used by living cells comes to them from the energy in the bonds of the sugar glucose. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport in which the transport takes place against the glucoseconcentration gradient. The other mech ...
... Nearly all of the energy used by living cells comes to them from the energy in the bonds of the sugar glucose. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport in which the transport takes place against the glucoseconcentration gradient. The other mech ...
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Many metabolic pathways are involved in biosynthesis of biological molecules – To survive, cells must be able to biosynthesize molecules that are not present in its foods – Often the cell will convert the intermediate compounds of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to molecules not found in food ...
... Many metabolic pathways are involved in biosynthesis of biological molecules – To survive, cells must be able to biosynthesize molecules that are not present in its foods – Often the cell will convert the intermediate compounds of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to molecules not found in food ...
video slide - Wild about Bio
... Electrons are passed through a number of proteins The electron transport chain generates no ATP The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
... Electrons are passed through a number of proteins The electron transport chain generates no ATP The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Plants are energy producers Like animals, plants need energy to live ...
... Plants are energy producers Like animals, plants need energy to live ...
Levels of Organization - Bremen High School District 228
... a. Form when the positive end of one molecules is attracted to the negative end of another molecules b. Form without the interaction of electrons c. Responsible for the cohesion of water *allows raindrops to form or water to bead ...
... a. Form when the positive end of one molecules is attracted to the negative end of another molecules b. Form without the interaction of electrons c. Responsible for the cohesion of water *allows raindrops to form or water to bead ...
Unit 1: Biology Review
... foreign matter, toxic substances and dead cell parts, and break them down to be exported. - Centrioles are essential in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). - Cytoplasm is everything else in the cell (not organelles). Cell Respiration: - C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy - The energy is stored in ...
... foreign matter, toxic substances and dead cell parts, and break them down to be exported. - Centrioles are essential in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). - Cytoplasm is everything else in the cell (not organelles). Cell Respiration: - C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy - The energy is stored in ...
Chapter 1 Notes
... The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via NAD+ and an electron transport chain Glucose is broken down over a series of steps that are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme Hydrogen atoms are stripped from the glucose and usually passed to NAD+. - NAD+ is reduced in the rxn. ...
... The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via NAD+ and an electron transport chain Glucose is broken down over a series of steps that are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme Hydrogen atoms are stripped from the glucose and usually passed to NAD+. - NAD+ is reduced in the rxn. ...
Chapter 1 Notes
... The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via NAD+ and an electron transport chain Glucose is broken down over a series of steps that are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme Hydrogen atoms are stripped from the glucose and usually passed to NAD+. - NAD+ is reduced in the rxn. ...
... The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via NAD+ and an electron transport chain Glucose is broken down over a series of steps that are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme Hydrogen atoms are stripped from the glucose and usually passed to NAD+. - NAD+ is reduced in the rxn. ...
Final Answer Key
... resource. The exam is due on Thursday, June 161hduring the regularly scheduled final exam time. I'll be in the regular classroom to collect the exam and to answer questions. You may also drop it off in my mailbox any time before the end of the regularly scheduled final exam time. ...
... resource. The exam is due on Thursday, June 161hduring the regularly scheduled final exam time. I'll be in the regular classroom to collect the exam and to answer questions. You may also drop it off in my mailbox any time before the end of the regularly scheduled final exam time. ...
Transport
... body of complex chemical compounds from smaller simpler compounds (e.g., proteins from amino acids), usually with the use of energy. ...
... body of complex chemical compounds from smaller simpler compounds (e.g., proteins from amino acids), usually with the use of energy. ...
GLYCOLYSIS GLUCONEOGENESIS
... represents a catabolic process; moving from narrow to broad represents an anabolic process. ...
... represents a catabolic process; moving from narrow to broad represents an anabolic process. ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... The purpose of fermentation reactions is a) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue b) To make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) To make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) To slow down cellular oxygen consu ...
... The purpose of fermentation reactions is a) To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue b) To make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) To make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) To slow down cellular oxygen consu ...
bme-biochem-5-1-atp-adp-cycle-kh-6
... NAD+ is a coenzyme It is reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion ...
... NAD+ is a coenzyme It is reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion ...
KEY CONCEPT Enzymes are catalysts for chemical
... Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. • Enzymes are catalysts in living things. ...
... Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. • Enzymes are catalysts in living things. ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Systems
... glucose (oxygen is required for full breakdown). • 2 molecules of ATP are produced (18 times less than aerobic!) as glucose only goes through the glycolysis stage. • Lactic acid is produced as a by-product (causes pain). • This system can therefore only be sustained for between 10 seconds and 3 mins ...
... glucose (oxygen is required for full breakdown). • 2 molecules of ATP are produced (18 times less than aerobic!) as glucose only goes through the glycolysis stage. • Lactic acid is produced as a by-product (causes pain). • This system can therefore only be sustained for between 10 seconds and 3 mins ...
unit 3 – cellular energy processes
... At the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: 1. Distinguish between endergonic/exergonic reactions, anabolic/catabolic pathways, and kinetic/potential energy. 2. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 3. Describe the function and structure of ATP. 4. Describe the role of res ...
... At the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: 1. Distinguish between endergonic/exergonic reactions, anabolic/catabolic pathways, and kinetic/potential energy. 2. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 3. Describe the function and structure of ATP. 4. Describe the role of res ...
Complete breakdown of Glucose:
... DO NOT COPY! This figure won’t be on the exam, I promise! But you still need to know what goes in and what comes out ...
... DO NOT COPY! This figure won’t be on the exam, I promise! But you still need to know what goes in and what comes out ...
Honors Biology Unit 1 Objectives: The Chemistry of Life
... concentration gradients and how kinetic molecular theory explains the motion of the particles described. 4. Given necessary information regarding the concentration of substances (water, gasses, particles, etc.), predict the direction of diffusion (some particles may not be able to diffuse… why?). If ...
... concentration gradients and how kinetic molecular theory explains the motion of the particles described. 4. Given necessary information regarding the concentration of substances (water, gasses, particles, etc.), predict the direction of diffusion (some particles may not be able to diffuse… why?). If ...
Bio 201, Fall 2010 Test 3 Study Guide Questions to be able to
... 26. What are the five characteristics of enzymes? 27. What do enzymes do to allow biological reactions to proceed? 28. How do enzymes speed up reactions? 29. How do we regulate enzyme activity? 30. Describe the structure of ATP. 31. Why is ATP so energy rich? 32. How do cells use ATP to drive enderg ...
... 26. What are the five characteristics of enzymes? 27. What do enzymes do to allow biological reactions to proceed? 28. How do enzymes speed up reactions? 29. How do we regulate enzyme activity? 30. Describe the structure of ATP. 31. Why is ATP so energy rich? 32. How do cells use ATP to drive enderg ...
Introduction_to_Enzymes (1)
... -explain why enzymes are necessary for life -state that enzymes are made of protein • Most people will -understand that an enzyme is a biological catalyst • Some people might -be able to write out word equations for enzyme reactions ...
... -explain why enzymes are necessary for life -state that enzymes are made of protein • Most people will -understand that an enzyme is a biological catalyst • Some people might -be able to write out word equations for enzyme reactions ...
16-18 Cellular respiration
... into two 3-C compounds. The end of the glycolysis process yields two pyruvic acid (3-C) molecules, and a net gain of 2 ATP and two NADH per glucose. The process is exergonic (ΔG = -140 kcal/mol or -586 kJ/mol); most of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-energy electrons of NADH and in the ...
... into two 3-C compounds. The end of the glycolysis process yields two pyruvic acid (3-C) molecules, and a net gain of 2 ATP and two NADH per glucose. The process is exergonic (ΔG = -140 kcal/mol or -586 kJ/mol); most of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-energy electrons of NADH and in the ...
Energetics at the Molecular Level Energetics: Scientific Foundations of Obesity and Other Health Aspects Douglas R Moellering, Ph.D.
... synthase to produce 2.0 equivalents ATP. • primary sources of reduced FAD in eukaryotic metabolism are the TCA (citric acid cycle). FAD is a prosthetic group in the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase → succinate to fumarate; whereas in ...
... synthase to produce 2.0 equivalents ATP. • primary sources of reduced FAD in eukaryotic metabolism are the TCA (citric acid cycle). FAD is a prosthetic group in the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase → succinate to fumarate; whereas in ...
Quiz 6
... E) There is no change in entropy or energy 4. Thrown out 5. When ATP releases energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell? A) It is released as an excretory waste. B) It is used exclusively to regenerate more ATP. C) It can be added to water and ex ...
... E) There is no change in entropy or energy 4. Thrown out 5. When ATP releases energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell? A) It is released as an excretory waste. B) It is used exclusively to regenerate more ATP. C) It can be added to water and ex ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.