![Chapter 8-1](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008289558_1-efc243febe55739f4f662d2c2a9650a2-300x300.png)
Chapter 8-1
... drives c ring rotation • Each a subunit has 2 half-channels that are physically separated (offset) from one another • One half-channel leads from intermembrane (cytosolic) space into the middle of the a subunit; the other leads from the middle of the a subunit into the matrix • Each proton moves fro ...
... drives c ring rotation • Each a subunit has 2 half-channels that are physically separated (offset) from one another • One half-channel leads from intermembrane (cytosolic) space into the middle of the a subunit; the other leads from the middle of the a subunit into the matrix • Each proton moves fro ...
Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercising Muscle
... before entering Krebs cycle • Requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP • Number of steps depends on number of carbons on FFA – 16-carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA – Compare: 1 glucose yields 2 acetyl-CoA – Fat oxidation requires more O2 now, yields far more ATP later ...
... before entering Krebs cycle • Requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP • Number of steps depends on number of carbons on FFA – 16-carbon FFA yields 8 acetyl-CoA – Compare: 1 glucose yields 2 acetyl-CoA – Fat oxidation requires more O2 now, yields far more ATP later ...
Mrs. Loyd Page 1 of 4 10/20/11 http
... production (without O2) (with O2) thicker fibers not so thick structure fewer mitochondria many mitochondria much less myoglobin lots-o-myoglobin Can switch to anaerobic resp. to % of each is notes produce ATP from determined by glucose, lactic acid genetics build-up Cells of: protists where found? ...
... production (without O2) (with O2) thicker fibers not so thick structure fewer mitochondria many mitochondria much less myoglobin lots-o-myoglobin Can switch to anaerobic resp. to % of each is notes produce ATP from determined by glucose, lactic acid genetics build-up Cells of: protists where found? ...
Honors Biology Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Notes Opening Essay
... Breakdown and Synthesis 6.15 Explain how polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are used as fuel for cellular respiration. Explain why a gram of fat yields more ATP than a gram of starch or protein. ...
... Breakdown and Synthesis 6.15 Explain how polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are used as fuel for cellular respiration. Explain why a gram of fat yields more ATP than a gram of starch or protein. ...
Biomembranes and Membrane Transport
... o intracellular solutes e.g. negatively charged ions/organic molecules - water tends to flow in; can burst cell - Animal cells o Continuously pump out inorganic ions (e.g. Na+) o Primary purpose of Na+/K+ pump - Plants (and algae, fungi, bacteria) o cell wall keeps from bursting o cells become tur ...
... o intracellular solutes e.g. negatively charged ions/organic molecules - water tends to flow in; can burst cell - Animal cells o Continuously pump out inorganic ions (e.g. Na+) o Primary purpose of Na+/K+ pump - Plants (and algae, fungi, bacteria) o cell wall keeps from bursting o cells become tur ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O 2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+ • Carbons of acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA are oxidized to CO2 • Electrons from this process reduce NAD+ and FAD • One GTP is formed per cycle, this can be converted to ATP • Intermediates in the cycle are not depleted ...
... Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O 2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+ • Carbons of acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA are oxidized to CO2 • Electrons from this process reduce NAD+ and FAD • One GTP is formed per cycle, this can be converted to ATP • Intermediates in the cycle are not depleted ...
The topic that fascinated me the most in my Science lessons this
... Group. The trends and patterns are captured in this version of the Periodic Table obtained from the Internet: ...
... Group. The trends and patterns are captured in this version of the Periodic Table obtained from the Internet: ...
Document
... Buffer - Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. *This helps humans maintain homeostasis by keeping our pH level at 7.4. If the pH changes more than .5, then many chemical reactions in our cells will be negatively affected. We cannot surv ...
... Buffer - Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. *This helps humans maintain homeostasis by keeping our pH level at 7.4. If the pH changes more than .5, then many chemical reactions in our cells will be negatively affected. We cannot surv ...
The Chemical Basis for Life Chapter 2
... • ____________________- energy of the cells. • Cells need ATP to fuel or carry out any work. • _____________________when the cells use up the nutrients • ATP is a RNA nucleotide containing adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. • When bonds (high energy bonds) between phosphate group ...
... • ____________________- energy of the cells. • Cells need ATP to fuel or carry out any work. • _____________________when the cells use up the nutrients • ATP is a RNA nucleotide containing adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. • When bonds (high energy bonds) between phosphate group ...
Dear Notetaker:
... i. Stroma needs hydration- lots of water—vitamin C is water soluble 6. Cytosolic acetyl CoA comes from: a. The mitochondria when citrate builds up i. If Krebs cycle has enough energy, it slows down, citrate builds up, and acetyl CoA can leave then. Regulatory step that is important..need to understa ...
... i. Stroma needs hydration- lots of water—vitamin C is water soluble 6. Cytosolic acetyl CoA comes from: a. The mitochondria when citrate builds up i. If Krebs cycle has enough energy, it slows down, citrate builds up, and acetyl CoA can leave then. Regulatory step that is important..need to understa ...
Kevin Ahern's Biochemistry (BB 450/550) at Oregon State University
... 2. Metabolic carrier molecules, such as Coenzyme A (as in acetyl-CoA) and UDP (as in UDP-glucose), are ACTIVATED. Activated carriers contain a high energy between themselves (such as CoA) and the molecule they are carrying (acetyl group). The high energy of their bond is used to make possible the re ...
... 2. Metabolic carrier molecules, such as Coenzyme A (as in acetyl-CoA) and UDP (as in UDP-glucose), are ACTIVATED. Activated carriers contain a high energy between themselves (such as CoA) and the molecule they are carrying (acetyl group). The high energy of their bond is used to make possible the re ...
doc
... uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and ...
... uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and ...
Cellular Respiration
... All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH). ...
... All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH). ...
Week 3 Notes
... Ferric iron (Fe3+) reduction to ferrous iron (Fe2+) Relatively large positive Eo’ indicates that Fe3+ is an attractive electron acceptor Ferrous iron is much more soluble and this process has been used in mining iron ore Because of the high concentrations of iron in some groundwaters, iron reduction ...
... Ferric iron (Fe3+) reduction to ferrous iron (Fe2+) Relatively large positive Eo’ indicates that Fe3+ is an attractive electron acceptor Ferrous iron is much more soluble and this process has been used in mining iron ore Because of the high concentrations of iron in some groundwaters, iron reduction ...
chemical reactions
... 1. Many biological enzymes function best at a pH of 7 2. Most biological enzymes function best at normal human body temp. Few enzymes function well at high temperature ...
... 1. Many biological enzymes function best at a pH of 7 2. Most biological enzymes function best at normal human body temp. Few enzymes function well at high temperature ...
Harvesting stored energy
... too reactive transfers Pi too easily only short term energy ADP + Pi storage carbohydrates & fats are A working muscle recycles over long term energy storage 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose (and O2)! ...
... too reactive transfers Pi too easily only short term energy ADP + Pi storage carbohydrates & fats are A working muscle recycles over long term energy storage 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose (and O2)! ...
Adv. Bio. Ch 9 Glyco and Resp
... NADH is hard to get in to the mitochondria from cytosol – shuttle to get it in varies by cell (NAD+ or FAD) – more ATP if shuttled in by NAD+ The ATP made by H+ gradient created by ETC can be used for other processes (remember active transport of pyruvate in to the mitochondria) ...
... NADH is hard to get in to the mitochondria from cytosol – shuttle to get it in varies by cell (NAD+ or FAD) – more ATP if shuttled in by NAD+ The ATP made by H+ gradient created by ETC can be used for other processes (remember active transport of pyruvate in to the mitochondria) ...
Why would someone take the vitamin niacin?
... 8. Using figure 9.5, describe why electron transport chains are an advantage to living systems. 9. Draw figure 9.6 illustrating and labeling the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration and their products. 10. Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Ma ...
... 8. Using figure 9.5, describe why electron transport chains are an advantage to living systems. 9. Draw figure 9.6 illustrating and labeling the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration and their products. 10. Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Ma ...
NEHRU ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, TM PALAYALAM
... (A) the glucose priming steps (B) the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (C) All of the steps require the input of energy (D) glucose secondary steps 7. The hexose monophosphate shunt is: (A) Found mostly in the mitochondria of muscle cells (B) Found in the cytosol of all cells (C) Found mostly ...
... (A) the glucose priming steps (B) the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (C) All of the steps require the input of energy (D) glucose secondary steps 7. The hexose monophosphate shunt is: (A) Found mostly in the mitochondria of muscle cells (B) Found in the cytosol of all cells (C) Found mostly ...
Friday Calvin Cycle How you will always remember… Rubisco
... • A series of ~10 steps to oxidize pyruvate to 3CO2 ...
... • A series of ~10 steps to oxidize pyruvate to 3CO2 ...
Chapter 6
... (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) oxidative phosphorylation – The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule has a theoretical maximum of about 38 ...
... (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) oxidative phosphorylation – The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule has a theoretical maximum of about 38 ...
Chapters 1, 2, and 3
... 3.6 Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism Mitochondria are organelles bounded by a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae. The gel-like material between the cristae is matrix. Mitochondria convert the energy stored in glucose into ATP molecules in a process called cellular respira ...
... 3.6 Mitochondria and Cellular Metabolism Mitochondria are organelles bounded by a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into cristae. The gel-like material between the cristae is matrix. Mitochondria convert the energy stored in glucose into ATP molecules in a process called cellular respira ...
Cellular Respiration Guided Reading Notes Section 7
... 6. If there is no oxygen in cells, the products of glycolysis enter ________________________ pathways that yield no additional ______________________. 7. Fermentation is __________________________ because no oxygen is used. 8. If oxygen is present in cells, the glycolysis products enter the ________ ...
... 6. If there is no oxygen in cells, the products of glycolysis enter ________________________ pathways that yield no additional ______________________. 7. Fermentation is __________________________ because no oxygen is used. 8. If oxygen is present in cells, the glycolysis products enter the ________ ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.