Download Levels of Organization - Bremen High School District 228

Levels of Organization
Quarter 2 : Molecules to Organisms
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Levels of Organization
Biological Levels of Organization
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28ueTHq_fLw
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Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Atoms
A. The basic unit of matter
(Matter = anything that has mass and takes up space)
B. There are three subatomic particles that are combined to make each atom.
* Proton (+)
* Neutron (o)
* Electron (-) move around nucleus in electron cloud
Nucleus (+)
Energy
Levels
1st = 2
2nd = 8
3rd = 18
Molecules
• When two or more atoms are
combined a molecule is
formed
• When two or more atoms of
different elements combine a
compound is formed (CO₂)
ALL COMPOUNDS
ARE MOLECULES, BUT
NOT ALL MOLECULES
ARE COMPOUNDS!!!!!!
Be able to explain this statement
We can describe the composition of
compounds by using a chemical formula
H₂O
(2 atoms of hydrogen, 1 atom of
oxygen)
C₆H₁₂O₆
(6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen)
Chemical Bonds
A. Bonds : a force that holds atoms together
1. Covalent Bonds
a.
b.
Forms when atoms share electrons
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Share 2 = single bond
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Share 4 = double bond
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Share 6 = triple bond
Ex: water
2.
Ionic Bonds
a. Formed when atoms lose or gain electrons
b. Creates electrically charged atoms called ions
(different number of protons/electrons)
* if atom loses electron = + ion
* if atom gains electron = - ion
c. Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other.
3. Hydrogen Bonds
a. Form when the positive end of one molecules is attracted to the
negative end of another molecules
b. Form without the interaction of electrons
c. Responsible for the cohesion of water
*allows raindrops to form or water to bead
d. Easily broken
VI. Acids/Bases/pH
A. Acids – a solution with a high concentration of Hydrogen ions
(H+)
B. Bases – a solution with a high concentration of hydroxide ions
(OH-)
C. pH – means potential for hydrogen
pH can determine what type of organisms can live in an
environment or what types of chemical reactions can take place
Balancing Equations
2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O
Steps to Solve Equation
1. write down elements on reactants side
2. write down elements on product side
3. write number of atoms for each element on each side
4. Begin adding coefficients to balance equation
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
I.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain
bonds between carbon atoms
A. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons; therefore,
each electron can join with electrons from another
atom to form strong covalent bonds
B. Carbon can bond with:
* Hydrogen (H)
* Phosphorus (P)
* Oxygen (O)
* Carbon (C)
* Nitrogen (N)
* Sulfur (S)
II. Organic Compounds Found in All
Living Things
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
A. Carbohydrates
1. Made up of C, H, and O in a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio
2. Uses
a. Energy (quick)
b. Structural building blocks (cellulose – plant cell walls)
3. Sugars and Starches
a. Monosaccharides (one)
b. Disaccharides (two)
c. Polysaccharides (many)
Monosaccharides
i. Simple sugar
ii. Chemical formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
iii. Ex: Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are 3 isomers of a monosaccharide
= molecules with same chemical formula
but different structure
Disaccharides
i. A two-sugar molecule
ii. When 2 carbohydrate monomers are joined, a hydrolysis reaction
(removal of H₂O) takes place to form a disaccharide.
iii. Chemical formula: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
iv. Ex: glucose + galactose → Lactose
v. When disaccharides are used for energy, they are digested by enzymes
that break them up into monosaccharides which are metabolized in
the process of cellular respiration
Hydrolysis Reaction
glucose + galactose → Lactose
(C₆H₁₂O₆)
+
(C₆H₁₂O₆)
- (H₂O) =
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
• Monomer = a single unit/molecule
• To digest lactose (sugar in dairy), you need lactase enzyme
• Lactose intolerant people can’t produce lactase
Polysaccharides
i. Large macromolecules or polymers that can consist of hundreds
or thousands of monomers (C₆H₁₀O₅)n
1. Starches (plant: corn & wheat)
a. Amylase (enzyme) breaks it down into monomers which are absorbed
into the bloodstream to be used by the cells.
2. Glycogen (animal starches)
a. Stored in the liver and muscles when there is excess monosaccharides
3. Cellulose
a. Can not be digested = roughage
B. Lipids
1. Made up mostly of C and H with some O
2. Uses:
a. Energy – 2x the amount of chemical energy per gram compared to
carbohydrates
b. Making biological membranes
Ex: plasma membrane in cells
c. Water proof coverings in plants
d. Physical & thermal insulation to animals
3. Lipids are generally insoluable in water
4. Formed when a glycerol molecule (C₃H₅O₃) joins a fatty acid
a. Saturated fats form when each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain
is joined to another carbon atom by a single covalent bond
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Solid at room temperature
Ex: butter
b. Unsaturated fats form when there is a least one
carbon-carbon double bond
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liquid at room temperature
Olive oil
c. Polyunsaturated fats form when there are two or more carbon-carbon
double bonds
• liquid at room temperature
• Corn, sesame & peanut oil
d. Steroids are lipids whose C, H, and O
atoms are arranged in rings
• Estrogen, Androgen, Cholesterol
C. Proteins
1.
Made up of C, H, O, and N
2. Uses:
a. Regulate cell processes and control reaction rates
b. Make up bulk of all solid material in the
(muscle, bone, skin, hair)
c. Transport substances in and out of cell
body
3. Proteins are polymers of amino acids
a. Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (NH₂) at
one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) at the other.
b. There are 20 different amino acids
c. Amino acids are joined together by peptide
bonds to form a dipeptide or a
polypeptide molecule
4. Enzymes are proteins that are formed during the
process of protein synthesis
a. Enzymes are biological catalysts that control the rate of
chemical reactions.
b. Each type of enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.
c. Names of enzymes usually end in –ase and are named for
the reaction they catalyze.
Example: lactase → lactose
protease → protein
D. Nucleic Acids
1. Made up of C, H, O, N, and P
2. Uses:
a. Store and transmit genetic information
b. Make proteins
3. Made up of nucleotides
a. 5 – Carbon sugar
b. Phosphate group
c. Nitrogenous base
4. Example: DNA and RNA