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Problem Set 9 Key
... 1. Describe the process of delivering amino acids to the liver from: a. Dietary proteins Gastrin Hormone is secreted by gastric mucosal cells which signals the release of HCl and Pepsinogen (pepsin zymogen) by gastric glands. The low pH triggesr Secretin release, which stimulates pancrease to releas ...
... 1. Describe the process of delivering amino acids to the liver from: a. Dietary proteins Gastrin Hormone is secreted by gastric mucosal cells which signals the release of HCl and Pepsinogen (pepsin zymogen) by gastric glands. The low pH triggesr Secretin release, which stimulates pancrease to releas ...
Lecture 2: Glycolysis Part 1 - Berkeley MCB
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
... Pasteur, and it is still called the Pasteur Effect. Yeast often convert glucose into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO2 under anaerobic conditions, but when Pasteur added oxygen to this system, the generation of ethanol and CO2 stopped. Regulation. Why does PFK become inhibited? With ...
Cells part 2 - fog.ccsf.edu
... Overview of respiration • Glycolysis: Glucose is split, 2 pyruvates are formed, a little ATP is gained ( 2 ATP/ glucose) • The Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvates are brokent into CO2, Redox molecules NAD+ and FAD are charged up, a little ATP is gained (2 ATP/ glucose) • Electron transport: Lots of ATP is ...
... Overview of respiration • Glycolysis: Glucose is split, 2 pyruvates are formed, a little ATP is gained ( 2 ATP/ glucose) • The Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvates are brokent into CO2, Redox molecules NAD+ and FAD are charged up, a little ATP is gained (2 ATP/ glucose) • Electron transport: Lots of ATP is ...
Citric Acid cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or Krebs Cycle
... then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis‐aconitate in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction. ...
... then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis‐aconitate in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction. ...
Aim: What is fermentation?
... pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps. – First, pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, acetaldehyde, by the removal of CO2. – Second, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. (NAD+ is regenerated.) – Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in baking, brewing and ...
... pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps. – First, pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, acetaldehyde, by the removal of CO2. – Second, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. (NAD+ is regenerated.) – Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in baking, brewing and ...
Biochemistry Test Review KEY
... 12. What is the name of the structure above and what is its function? Nucleic acid 13. What is a common element found in all organic compounds? Carbon 14. What effect does pH levels have on a certain enzyme? Slows or speeds up rate of reaction, as well as the modifies the enzyme’s shape 15. Describ ...
... 12. What is the name of the structure above and what is its function? Nucleic acid 13. What is a common element found in all organic compounds? Carbon 14. What effect does pH levels have on a certain enzyme? Slows or speeds up rate of reaction, as well as the modifies the enzyme’s shape 15. Describ ...
Sample exam 1
... 5. Which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin? a. Glucose uptake in muscle b. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in muscle c. Glycolysis in liver d. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in liver e. All of the processes listed are stimulated by insulin Essay questions: A ...
... 5. Which one of the following processes is not stimulated by insulin? a. Glucose uptake in muscle b. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in muscle c. Glycolysis in liver d. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in liver e. All of the processes listed are stimulated by insulin Essay questions: A ...
Key Terms
... Using two ATP molecules as an initial "investment," the cell splits a sixcarbon glucose molecule in half. The result is two three-carbon molecules, each with one phosphate group. Each three-carbon molecule then transfers electrons and hydrogen ions to a carrier molecule called NAD+. Accepting two el ...
... Using two ATP molecules as an initial "investment," the cell splits a sixcarbon glucose molecule in half. The result is two three-carbon molecules, each with one phosphate group. Each three-carbon molecule then transfers electrons and hydrogen ions to a carrier molecule called NAD+. Accepting two el ...
ENERGY SYSTEMS
... This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria where three important events take place: ...
... This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria where three important events take place: ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... intermediate reactions that form a metabolic pathway. 2. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 3. Most metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms. ...
... intermediate reactions that form a metabolic pathway. 2. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 3. Most metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms. ...
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Study Guide
... 28. What is the net gain of ATP molecules at the end of glycolysis? ½ point 2 ATP molecules net… 29. Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria? ½ point Matrix of the mitochondria 30. What is its other name for the Krebs cycle and why is it called this? 1 point Citric Acid cycle b/c 1 ...
... 28. What is the net gain of ATP molecules at the end of glycolysis? ½ point 2 ATP molecules net… 29. Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria? ½ point Matrix of the mitochondria 30. What is its other name for the Krebs cycle and why is it called this? 1 point Citric Acid cycle b/c 1 ...
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Study Guide
... 28. What is the net gain of ATP molecules at the end of glycolysis? ½ point 2 ATP molecules net… 29. Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria? ½ point Matrix of the mitochondria 30. What is its other name for the Krebs cycle and why is it called this? 1 point Citric Acid cycle b/c 1 ...
... 28. What is the net gain of ATP molecules at the end of glycolysis? ½ point 2 ATP molecules net… 29. Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria? ½ point Matrix of the mitochondria 30. What is its other name for the Krebs cycle and why is it called this? 1 point Citric Acid cycle b/c 1 ...
Exam 2
... in one round of the citric acid cycle oxidation. e. If the substrate of the citric acid were acetate instead of acetyl-CoA, malate to oxaloacetate conversion would not occur. ...
... in one round of the citric acid cycle oxidation. e. If the substrate of the citric acid were acetate instead of acetyl-CoA, malate to oxaloacetate conversion would not occur. ...
Lecture 3
... viii. Within one element, isotopes are those atoms that differ in number of neutrons ix. An unstable atom is called radioactive x. Shells of electrons class and diagram d. Covalent bonds i. Strongest bond: two atoms with stable outer shells sharing one electron from each atom ii. It takes the most ...
... viii. Within one element, isotopes are those atoms that differ in number of neutrons ix. An unstable atom is called radioactive x. Shells of electrons class and diagram d. Covalent bonds i. Strongest bond: two atoms with stable outer shells sharing one electron from each atom ii. It takes the most ...
final-exam-backup
... In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is reacted with coenzyme A (CoA), carbon dioxide is released, hydrogen ions are harvested in NADH and FADH and one ATP is generated per cycle by substrate level phosphorylation. The Electron transport chain takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, where hy ...
... In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is reacted with coenzyme A (CoA), carbon dioxide is released, hydrogen ions are harvested in NADH and FADH and one ATP is generated per cycle by substrate level phosphorylation. The Electron transport chain takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, where hy ...
2 - Warner Pacific College
... Use “energy carriers” (NADH, FADH2) from glycolysis and TCA cycle to generate ATP ...
... Use “energy carriers” (NADH, FADH2) from glycolysis and TCA cycle to generate ATP ...
Slide 1
... • The ELECTRON Transport CHAIN (ETC) • An electron transport chain is a series of molecules along which electrons are transferred by carriers (input: NADH and FADH which were made previously), releasing energy • Molecules of the ETC are located on the inner membranes of the mitochondria • As the ele ...
... • The ELECTRON Transport CHAIN (ETC) • An electron transport chain is a series of molecules along which electrons are transferred by carriers (input: NADH and FADH which were made previously), releasing energy • Molecules of the ETC are located on the inner membranes of the mitochondria • As the ele ...
Oxidation-Reduction Enzymes
... A major part of energy employed by organisms originates from oxidation-reduction (redox) processes. Oxidized products of a redox reaction contain less potential energy (free enthalpy or Gibbs energy G) than the original reacting substances, and the difference in energy content ∆G may appear as heat ...
... A major part of energy employed by organisms originates from oxidation-reduction (redox) processes. Oxidized products of a redox reaction contain less potential energy (free enthalpy or Gibbs energy G) than the original reacting substances, and the difference in energy content ∆G may appear as heat ...
Enzymes
... Factors that effect enzyme activity Vmax this is the fastest number of substrates an enzyme can process Competitive inhibitors: look like the enzymes substrate so they block up the active site More substrate can reduce their effects substrate ...
... Factors that effect enzyme activity Vmax this is the fastest number of substrates an enzyme can process Competitive inhibitors: look like the enzymes substrate so they block up the active site More substrate can reduce their effects substrate ...
Ch18.doc
... dehydrogenase (1 NADH) and one turn of the CAC: yielding 3NADH, 1FADH2 and 1 GTP. Converting NADH and FADH2 to ATPs we use 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP. So for one alanine: (3+1)(2.5 ATP) + 1.5 ATP + 1 ATP = 12.5 ATP. But now it will cost some ATP to get rid of the amino group: so it would ...
... dehydrogenase (1 NADH) and one turn of the CAC: yielding 3NADH, 1FADH2 and 1 GTP. Converting NADH and FADH2 to ATPs we use 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP. So for one alanine: (3+1)(2.5 ATP) + 1.5 ATP + 1 ATP = 12.5 ATP. But now it will cost some ATP to get rid of the amino group: so it would ...
Cellular Respiration Introduction Energy flow Overall Equation for
... Most components of the chain are proteins that are bound with prosthetic groups that can alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons. Electrons drop in free energy as they pass down the electron transport chain. ...
... Most components of the chain are proteins that are bound with prosthetic groups that can alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons. Electrons drop in free energy as they pass down the electron transport chain. ...
Unit 3 Homework
... Each turn of the citric acid cycle makes one __________ molecule for energy, three __________ molecules and one __________ molecule. These last four molecules are electron carriers. Since each glucose molecule splits, two acetyl CoA molecules go through the citric acid cycle, bringing the total yiel ...
... Each turn of the citric acid cycle makes one __________ molecule for energy, three __________ molecules and one __________ molecule. These last four molecules are electron carriers. Since each glucose molecule splits, two acetyl CoA molecules go through the citric acid cycle, bringing the total yiel ...
Guided Reading Unit 3
... Each turn of the citric acid cycle makes one __________ molecule for energy, three __________ molecules and one __________ molecule. These last four molecules are electron carriers. Since each glucose molecule splits, two acetyl CoA molecules go through the citric acid cycle, bringing the total yiel ...
... Each turn of the citric acid cycle makes one __________ molecule for energy, three __________ molecules and one __________ molecule. These last four molecules are electron carriers. Since each glucose molecule splits, two acetyl CoA molecules go through the citric acid cycle, bringing the total yiel ...
Metabolism and Energetics
... In several steps, the atoms in a glucose molecule are rearranged to a lower energy state, the energy is then directly stored in the bonds of ATP Yields ATP directly, without the utilization of oxygen, but only yields a small number of ATP per glucose (2) AND it yields two molecules of NADH—this is a ...
... In several steps, the atoms in a glucose molecule are rearranged to a lower energy state, the energy is then directly stored in the bonds of ATP Yields ATP directly, without the utilization of oxygen, but only yields a small number of ATP per glucose (2) AND it yields two molecules of NADH—this is a ...
Cellular Respiration
... At the very end of the electron transport chain, we need to remove the electron from the last protein by attaching it to something that is even more electronegative. In aerobic respiration, this “something” is oxygen, which is a highly electronegative atom. H+ travels with the electrons and attache ...
... At the very end of the electron transport chain, we need to remove the electron from the last protein by attaching it to something that is even more electronegative. In aerobic respiration, this “something” is oxygen, which is a highly electronegative atom. H+ travels with the electrons and attache ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.