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Biology 233
... occurs in mitochondrial matrix 2 (3C) pyruvic acid + 2 coenzyme A -----> 2 (2C) acetyl CoA net gain (per glucose) 2 CO2 2 NADH 3) Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle, Kreb’s cycle) 2 acetyl CoA enter cycle and are broken down occurs in mitochondrial matrix in one cycle: 1 (2C) acetyl CoA + (4C) molecule -- ...
... occurs in mitochondrial matrix 2 (3C) pyruvic acid + 2 coenzyme A -----> 2 (2C) acetyl CoA net gain (per glucose) 2 CO2 2 NADH 3) Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle, Kreb’s cycle) 2 acetyl CoA enter cycle and are broken down occurs in mitochondrial matrix in one cycle: 1 (2C) acetyl CoA + (4C) molecule -- ...
Lecture03
... – The rest of the path consists of an electron transport chain. • This chain involves a series of redox reactions. • These lead ultimately to the production of large amounts of ATP. ...
... – The rest of the path consists of an electron transport chain. • This chain involves a series of redox reactions. • These lead ultimately to the production of large amounts of ATP. ...
Animation
... G3P undergoes dehydrogenation with NAD+ as hydrogen acceptor. Product of this very exergonic reaction G3P reacts with inorganic phosphate present in cytosol to yield 1,3bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Process: Oxidation / Dehydrogenation Next ...
... G3P undergoes dehydrogenation with NAD+ as hydrogen acceptor. Product of this very exergonic reaction G3P reacts with inorganic phosphate present in cytosol to yield 1,3bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Process: Oxidation / Dehydrogenation Next ...
Outline
... D) The energy from the electrons is used to pump H+ into the intramenbranous space, creating a H+ gradient 1) The electrons ultimately end up forming the bond between O and H resulting in the eventual formation of H2O a) O is considered the F) Intramembranous H+ then moves through ATPsynthase creati ...
... D) The energy from the electrons is used to pump H+ into the intramenbranous space, creating a H+ gradient 1) The electrons ultimately end up forming the bond between O and H resulting in the eventual formation of H2O a) O is considered the F) Intramembranous H+ then moves through ATPsynthase creati ...
oxidize
... Catabolic pathways and ATP production • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into ...
... Catabolic pathways and ATP production • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into ...
Chem 150 Unit 12 - Metabolism
... • The muscles store it for future muscular activity. • The liver stores it to help regulate blood glucose levels. ...
... • The muscles store it for future muscular activity. • The liver stores it to help regulate blood glucose levels. ...
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... metabolism. The outer membrane of the mitochondria acts as a cell membrane and houses transport proteins that allow substances in and out of the mitochondria. For instance, the outer membrane houses transport proteins, which move the two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis from the cytoplasm ...
... metabolism. The outer membrane of the mitochondria acts as a cell membrane and houses transport proteins that allow substances in and out of the mitochondria. For instance, the outer membrane houses transport proteins, which move the two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis from the cytoplasm ...
Practice Exam I
... 14. The active site of an enzyme a. is similar to that of any other enzyme b. is the part of the enzyme where the substrate can fit c. is only used once d. is usually not affected by pH or temperature 15. All the chemical reactions that occur in the cell a. metabolism b. free energy c. kinetic energ ...
... 14. The active site of an enzyme a. is similar to that of any other enzyme b. is the part of the enzyme where the substrate can fit c. is only used once d. is usually not affected by pH or temperature 15. All the chemical reactions that occur in the cell a. metabolism b. free energy c. kinetic energ ...
chemical reactions
... such as meat. Babies who are diagnosed with PKU must immediately be put on a special milk/formula substitute. Later in life, the diet is mainly vegetarian. ...
... such as meat. Babies who are diagnosed with PKU must immediately be put on a special milk/formula substitute. Later in life, the diet is mainly vegetarian. ...
Microbial Metabolism
... The particular microbe The substrate The enzymes the microbe has And how active the enzymes are Chemical analyses of end-products are useful in microbe identification ...
... The particular microbe The substrate The enzymes the microbe has And how active the enzymes are Chemical analyses of end-products are useful in microbe identification ...
see lecture notes
... maltose, starch, fatty acids,amino acids, and other molecules. RuBP is also reformed through a series of complicated reactions. This is not an efficient process. Less than 1% of the light energy that reaches the chloroplast is found in thecarbohydrates produced. C. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION The ...
... maltose, starch, fatty acids,amino acids, and other molecules. RuBP is also reformed through a series of complicated reactions. This is not an efficient process. Less than 1% of the light energy that reaches the chloroplast is found in thecarbohydrates produced. C. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION The ...
Document
... 1. What leaf structure allows for gas exchange? a. chloroplast c. inner membrane b. stomata d. chlorophyll 2. What is the source of oxygen that is released from plant cells as a result of photosynthesis? a. carbon dioxide c. glucose b. ATP d. water ...
... 1. What leaf structure allows for gas exchange? a. chloroplast c. inner membrane b. stomata d. chlorophyll 2. What is the source of oxygen that is released from plant cells as a result of photosynthesis? a. carbon dioxide c. glucose b. ATP d. water ...
Name: Date: Period: ATP, Photosynthesis and
... 29. What is the definition of Cellular Respiration?(in purple) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What happens during cellular respiration? _________ ...
... 29. What is the definition of Cellular Respiration?(in purple) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What happens during cellular respiration? _________ ...
Name Period ______ Date Chem/Biochem Test Study Guide
... When an atom has gained or lost electrons and is a charged atom. 5. What is an isotope? When an atom has gained or lost neutrons. 6. What are valence electrons? Valence electrons are on the outermost shell and are available to make bonds. 7. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? ...
... When an atom has gained or lost electrons and is a charged atom. 5. What is an isotope? When an atom has gained or lost neutrons. 6. What are valence electrons? Valence electrons are on the outermost shell and are available to make bonds. 7. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? ...
sample
... The electron transport chain (ETC) The electron transport chain involves a chain of electron carriers located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae). The cristae have a large surface area so there are more electron carriers, which increases ATP synthesis. The reduced coenzymes, NADH 2 and FAD ...
... The electron transport chain (ETC) The electron transport chain involves a chain of electron carriers located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae). The cristae have a large surface area so there are more electron carriers, which increases ATP synthesis. The reduced coenzymes, NADH 2 and FAD ...
3 biochemistry, macromolecules
... – nonprotein partners, (like iron, copper, zinc, magnesium or calcium ions) may bind to an enzyme and change its shape, creating an active site – many enzymes cannot function without cofactors ...
... – nonprotein partners, (like iron, copper, zinc, magnesium or calcium ions) may bind to an enzyme and change its shape, creating an active site – many enzymes cannot function without cofactors ...
The Working Cell
... therefore oxidized. • 3. At the end of cellular respiration, glucose has been oxidized to carbon dioxide and water and ATP molecules have been produced. • In metabolic pathways, most oxidations involve the coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); the molecule accepts two electrons but only ...
... therefore oxidized. • 3. At the end of cellular respiration, glucose has been oxidized to carbon dioxide and water and ATP molecules have been produced. • In metabolic pathways, most oxidations involve the coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); the molecule accepts two electrons but only ...
Exam2-2007.doc
... D) substrate E) steroids 31) End products of biosynthetic pathways often act to block the initial step in that pathway. This phenomenon is called A) allosteric activation. B) denaturation. C) irreversible inhibition. D) feedback inhibition. E) substrate activation. 32) The products of photosynthesis ...
... D) substrate E) steroids 31) End products of biosynthetic pathways often act to block the initial step in that pathway. This phenomenon is called A) allosteric activation. B) denaturation. C) irreversible inhibition. D) feedback inhibition. E) substrate activation. 32) The products of photosynthesis ...
Handout
... When they do, they are said to be reversible and can proceed from reactants to products or from products back to reactants When the rate of forward to reverse direction reaction is equal the reaction is said to be in equilibrium For a reaction in equilibrium the ratio of reactants to products remain ...
... When they do, they are said to be reversible and can proceed from reactants to products or from products back to reactants When the rate of forward to reverse direction reaction is equal the reaction is said to be in equilibrium For a reaction in equilibrium the ratio of reactants to products remain ...
Final Review - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... FADH2 are good electron donors, while oxygen has a high reduction potential which means it makes a good electron acceptor in the chain. As the chain progresses, the reduction potentials increase until oxygen receives the electrons. The transfer of electrons fuels proton transfers from the matrix to ...
... FADH2 are good electron donors, while oxygen has a high reduction potential which means it makes a good electron acceptor in the chain. As the chain progresses, the reduction potentials increase until oxygen receives the electrons. The transfer of electrons fuels proton transfers from the matrix to ...
KREBS CYCLE Definition Krebs cycle (aka tricarboxylic acid cycle
... 5. Second oxidative-decarboxylation takes place. α-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA. CO2 and NADH are produced. ...
... 5. Second oxidative-decarboxylation takes place. α-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA. CO2 and NADH are produced. ...
BCHM 463 Supplemental Problems for Friday, April 9, 2004 1. a
... 7. Compare the relative efficiencies (in ATP’s per glucose oxidized) of glucose oxidation via glycolysis + the citric acid cycle vs. glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway + glycolysis. (Assume that NADH and NADPH are each equivalent to three ATPs and that FADH is equivalent to 2 ATPs.) ...
... 7. Compare the relative efficiencies (in ATP’s per glucose oxidized) of glucose oxidation via glycolysis + the citric acid cycle vs. glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway + glycolysis. (Assume that NADH and NADPH are each equivalent to three ATPs and that FADH is equivalent to 2 ATPs.) ...
Ch8_CellularRespiration
... break glucose and other carbon compounds apart. • Energy released from broken bonds is harnessed to make ATP to run cell processes. • ALL Eukaryotic organisms (including plants) carry out cellular respiration ALL THE TIME. ...
... break glucose and other carbon compounds apart. • Energy released from broken bonds is harnessed to make ATP to run cell processes. • ALL Eukaryotic organisms (including plants) carry out cellular respiration ALL THE TIME. ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle
... 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO2 ...
... 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO2 ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Kreb`s Cycle
... 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO2 ...
... 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of sugar to CO2 ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.