Student notes in ppt
... lactic acid) by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. 3. Under anaerobic conditions in microorganisms such as yeast, pyruvate can also be utilized for alcoholic fermentation to convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol using the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. ...
... lactic acid) by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. 3. Under anaerobic conditions in microorganisms such as yeast, pyruvate can also be utilized for alcoholic fermentation to convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol using the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. ...
1 Glucose: evolution`s favorite flavor… In any metabolism course
... more stabile molecules and… heat. This is precisely the chemistry that is used by biochemical systems to capitalize on glucose, but they do it in a much more dignified, and much less mood-setting, way. We will go into some serious detail about how glucose undergoes chemical changes that give up lots ...
... more stabile molecules and… heat. This is precisely the chemistry that is used by biochemical systems to capitalize on glucose, but they do it in a much more dignified, and much less mood-setting, way. We will go into some serious detail about how glucose undergoes chemical changes that give up lots ...
Enzymes - كنانة أونلاين
... from just 62 amino acid residues in size, to over 2,500 residues in the animal fatty acid synthase. The activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure Most enzymes are much larger than the substrates they act on, and only a small portion of the enzyme (around 3–4 amino aci ...
... from just 62 amino acid residues in size, to over 2,500 residues in the animal fatty acid synthase. The activities of enzymes are determined by their three-dimensional structure Most enzymes are much larger than the substrates they act on, and only a small portion of the enzyme (around 3–4 amino aci ...
Pyruvate Kinase
... pyruvate produced in Glycolysis is oxidized to CO2 via Krebs Cycle (can also be stored as fatty acids) NADH produced in Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle is reoxidized via the respiratory chain, with production of much additional ATP. ...
... pyruvate produced in Glycolysis is oxidized to CO2 via Krebs Cycle (can also be stored as fatty acids) NADH produced in Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle is reoxidized via the respiratory chain, with production of much additional ATP. ...
How Enzymes Work Enzymes
... • Two major mechanisms—any or all may be used in a given enzyme – Chemical Mechanisms (Changes in pathway) • Acid‐base catalysis • Covalent catalysis • Metal ion catalysis ...
... • Two major mechanisms—any or all may be used in a given enzyme – Chemical Mechanisms (Changes in pathway) • Acid‐base catalysis • Covalent catalysis • Metal ion catalysis ...
When muscular work starts, the adrenal medulla secretes a
... generated in glycolysis delivers the H:- to the respiratory chain which drives the synthesis of more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. When a cell receives oxygen at a rate slower than needed, glycolysis can still operate, but the end product is lactate instead of pyruvate. The following reaction is ...
... generated in glycolysis delivers the H:- to the respiratory chain which drives the synthesis of more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. When a cell receives oxygen at a rate slower than needed, glycolysis can still operate, but the end product is lactate instead of pyruvate. The following reaction is ...
Signaling mechanistics: Aluminum fluoride for
... Another important issue addressed by the recent structures of aluminum fluoride complexes with phosphoryl transfer enzymes is whether the transition state is mostly dissociative, with a metaphosphate-like intermediate, or associative, with a pentavalent phosphorus. The structures of the transition s ...
... Another important issue addressed by the recent structures of aluminum fluoride complexes with phosphoryl transfer enzymes is whether the transition state is mostly dissociative, with a metaphosphate-like intermediate, or associative, with a pentavalent phosphorus. The structures of the transition s ...
F214 Content checklist
... Explain, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, how the structure of mitochondria enables them to carry out their functions. State that the link reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Outline the link reaction, with reference to decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and the r ...
... Explain, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, how the structure of mitochondria enables them to carry out their functions. State that the link reaction takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Outline the link reaction, with reference to decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetate and the r ...
Faculty of Science, IUG
... Date:2/12 /2005 Name----------- & NO.----------Answer the following I- Sketch the titration curve, calculate pI and determine the regions of the buffer capacity of ASP. The pK values of its Alfa COOH, Alfa amino , and Beta COOH groups are 2.1, 9.2, and 3.9 respectively. (6pts). ...
... Date:2/12 /2005 Name----------- & NO.----------Answer the following I- Sketch the titration curve, calculate pI and determine the regions of the buffer capacity of ASP. The pK values of its Alfa COOH, Alfa amino , and Beta COOH groups are 2.1, 9.2, and 3.9 respectively. (6pts). ...
Strategies to maintain redox homeostasis during photosynthesis
... to the production of ROS, or to serve as alternative electron acceptors in order to avoid over-reduction and, potentially, the formation of toxic intermediates (Mullineaux and Karpinski, 2002; Niyogi, 1999). Imbalance between the light energy distribution of PSII and PSI can be regulated and control ...
... to the production of ROS, or to serve as alternative electron acceptors in order to avoid over-reduction and, potentially, the formation of toxic intermediates (Mullineaux and Karpinski, 2002; Niyogi, 1999). Imbalance between the light energy distribution of PSII and PSI can be regulated and control ...
Chajlter 31
... Biochemistry is not merely an elaboration of organic chemistry. The chemistry oflife involves, in essential and indispensible ways, at least 25 elements. In addi tion to the "organic" elements C, H, N, and 0, there are 9 other elements that are required in relatively large quantities, and called, t ...
... Biochemistry is not merely an elaboration of organic chemistry. The chemistry oflife involves, in essential and indispensible ways, at least 25 elements. In addi tion to the "organic" elements C, H, N, and 0, there are 9 other elements that are required in relatively large quantities, and called, t ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... in mitochondrial membrane fluidity and activities of enzymes associated with membrane lipids [1]. As the activities of most enzymes are regulated by the physicochemical state of the lipid environment of the membrane, it seems likely that impaired mitochondrial membrane function brought about by agin ...
... in mitochondrial membrane fluidity and activities of enzymes associated with membrane lipids [1]. As the activities of most enzymes are regulated by the physicochemical state of the lipid environment of the membrane, it seems likely that impaired mitochondrial membrane function brought about by agin ...
Decarboxylation Reactions Major concepts Decarboxylation
... 8. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA through a series of chemical reactions. Although this is a simplified scheme, the pathway generally follows this path: O ...
... 8. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA through a series of chemical reactions. Although this is a simplified scheme, the pathway generally follows this path: O ...
METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES I Lecture 2 Pentose
... NADPH is considerably greater than the need for ribose5-P • The next three steps thus return some of the 5-C units to glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P, which can enter the glycolytic pathway • The advantage of this is that the cells have met its need ...
... NADPH is considerably greater than the need for ribose5-P • The next three steps thus return some of the 5-C units to glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P, which can enter the glycolytic pathway • The advantage of this is that the cells have met its need ...
New COMPARTMENT ORGANIZATION
... cell by phagocytosis. • They thus function as the cellular digestive system. • Lysosomes digest waste materials and food within the cell, breaking down molecules into their base components with their strong digestive enzymes.These enzymes are only active within the acidic membrane of the lysosome so ...
... cell by phagocytosis. • They thus function as the cellular digestive system. • Lysosomes digest waste materials and food within the cell, breaking down molecules into their base components with their strong digestive enzymes.These enzymes are only active within the acidic membrane of the lysosome so ...
슬라이드 1
... • The General Characteristics of Enzymes. Enzymes are highly efficient protein catalysts which are involved iii almost every biological reaction. They are often quite specific in terms of the substance acted upon and the type of reaction catalyzed. • Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification. Enzymes ...
... • The General Characteristics of Enzymes. Enzymes are highly efficient protein catalysts which are involved iii almost every biological reaction. They are often quite specific in terms of the substance acted upon and the type of reaction catalyzed. • Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification. Enzymes ...
Document
... Conditions for Michaelis -Menten Two assumptions must be met for the MichaelisMenten equation • Steady state - the enzyme substrate complex ES is at a constant value. That is the ES is formed as fast as the enzyme releases the product. For this to happen the concentration of substrate has to be muc ...
... Conditions for Michaelis -Menten Two assumptions must be met for the MichaelisMenten equation • Steady state - the enzyme substrate complex ES is at a constant value. That is the ES is formed as fast as the enzyme releases the product. For this to happen the concentration of substrate has to be muc ...
Document
... reduces all four ribonucleotides to their deoxyribo derivitives. A free radical mechanism is involved in the ribonucleotide reductase reaction. There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductase enzymes in nature: Class I: tyrosine radical, uses NDP Class II: adenosylcobalamin. uses NTPs (cyanobact ...
... reduces all four ribonucleotides to their deoxyribo derivitives. A free radical mechanism is involved in the ribonucleotide reductase reaction. There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductase enzymes in nature: Class I: tyrosine radical, uses NDP Class II: adenosylcobalamin. uses NTPs (cyanobact ...
Cellular physiology ATP and Biological Energy
... In an enzyme molecule with multiple subunits, the binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one subunit causes all the subunits to assume their active conformation, via the mechanism of induced fit. Enzymes localization Each organelle contain certain number of enzymes that carry out sp ...
... In an enzyme molecule with multiple subunits, the binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one subunit causes all the subunits to assume their active conformation, via the mechanism of induced fit. Enzymes localization Each organelle contain certain number of enzymes that carry out sp ...
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
... Most of these interactions are weak and especially so if the atoms involved are farther than about one angstrom(10-10m) from each other. So successful binding of enzyme and substrate requires that the two molecules be able to approach each other closely over a fairly broad surface. Thus the analogy ...
... Most of these interactions are weak and especially so if the atoms involved are farther than about one angstrom(10-10m) from each other. So successful binding of enzyme and substrate requires that the two molecules be able to approach each other closely over a fairly broad surface. Thus the analogy ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.