Physio Chap 84 [10-26
... Recovery often takes days. On high-carb diets, recovery takes about 2 days while people on high-fat, high-protein diets show little recovery even after as long as five days. Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity As well as carbs, muscles use large amounts of fat for energy in the form of fatty ...
... Recovery often takes days. On high-carb diets, recovery takes about 2 days while people on high-fat, high-protein diets show little recovery even after as long as five days. Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity As well as carbs, muscles use large amounts of fat for energy in the form of fatty ...
21_Pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrates metabolism
... The pentose phosphate pathway ends with these five reactions in some tissue. In others it continue in nonoxidative mode to make fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. These reactions link pentose phosphate pathway with glycolysis. ...
... The pentose phosphate pathway ends with these five reactions in some tissue. In others it continue in nonoxidative mode to make fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. These reactions link pentose phosphate pathway with glycolysis. ...
source document - Enhanced Autoradiography
... described in Materials and Methods). Samples were then sonicated and analysed by 2-D gel electrophoresis, prior to electroblotting onto PVDF membrane. The resulting membrane was then phosphimaged directly for 24 h. Subsequently the membrane was impregnated in EA-Wax as described above and was then e ...
... described in Materials and Methods). Samples were then sonicated and analysed by 2-D gel electrophoresis, prior to electroblotting onto PVDF membrane. The resulting membrane was then phosphimaged directly for 24 h. Subsequently the membrane was impregnated in EA-Wax as described above and was then e ...
Oxidation numbers
... there will be a transfer of electrons between them in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In these instances the valence electrons involved can no longer be thought of as being "lost or gained" between the atoms, but instead, are only partially transferred, moving closer to that atom which has the high ...
... there will be a transfer of electrons between them in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In these instances the valence electrons involved can no longer be thought of as being "lost or gained" between the atoms, but instead, are only partially transferred, moving closer to that atom which has the high ...
The Krebs Cycle - Advanced
... dehydrogenase reaction. It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This process produces one NADH electron carrier while releasing a CO2 molecule. This step is also known as the link reaction or transition step, as it links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Of course, as two pyruvates resu ...
... dehydrogenase reaction. It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This process produces one NADH electron carrier while releasing a CO2 molecule. This step is also known as the link reaction or transition step, as it links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Of course, as two pyruvates resu ...
Glycolysis
... *Values in this table from D. Voet & J. G. Voet (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, John ...
... *Values in this table from D. Voet & J. G. Voet (2004) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, John ...
Cyclic AMP and Hormone Action
... that work through the action of 3’-5’-cyclic AMP (cAMP) control enzymes by using ATP to phosphorylate serine and threonine groups on target enzymes. These so-called protein kinases represent a sequel of catalytic steps designed to amplify the action of the hormone. The key word here is “catalytic”, ...
... that work through the action of 3’-5’-cyclic AMP (cAMP) control enzymes by using ATP to phosphorylate serine and threonine groups on target enzymes. These so-called protein kinases represent a sequel of catalytic steps designed to amplify the action of the hormone. The key word here is “catalytic”, ...
AP Biology - Ch 6 - Cellular Respiration Study Guide
... ____ 12. The proton motive force is a. ATP synthase. b. the proton concentration gradient and electric charge difference. c. a metabolic pathway. d. a redox reaction. e. None of the above ____ 13. Which statement about oxidative phosphorylation is false? a. It forms ATP by the respiratory chain/ATP ...
... ____ 12. The proton motive force is a. ATP synthase. b. the proton concentration gradient and electric charge difference. c. a metabolic pathway. d. a redox reaction. e. None of the above ____ 13. Which statement about oxidative phosphorylation is false? a. It forms ATP by the respiratory chain/ATP ...
Oxidative stress
... • Arachidonic acid metabolism • Reactions within peroxisome – Superoxide radical and H2O2 ...
... • Arachidonic acid metabolism • Reactions within peroxisome – Superoxide radical and H2O2 ...
Chapter 5- Enzymes
... 1. Why does heating interfere with the activity of an enzyme? A. It kills the enzyme. B. It changes the enzyme’s shape. C. It decreases the energy of the substrate molecules. D. It causes the enzyme to break up. E. It decreases the chance that the enzymes will meet a substrate molecule. ...
... 1. Why does heating interfere with the activity of an enzyme? A. It kills the enzyme. B. It changes the enzyme’s shape. C. It decreases the energy of the substrate molecules. D. It causes the enzyme to break up. E. It decreases the chance that the enzymes will meet a substrate molecule. ...
Protein Structure and Function
... heme cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins. CYPs use a variety of small and large molecules as substrates in enzymatic reactions. Often, they form part of multi-component electron transfer chains, called P450-containing systems. Cytochromes P450 have been named on the basis of their cellular (cy ...
... heme cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins. CYPs use a variety of small and large molecules as substrates in enzymatic reactions. Often, they form part of multi-component electron transfer chains, called P450-containing systems. Cytochromes P450 have been named on the basis of their cellular (cy ...
Enzymes and Active Sites
... • the reverse reaction, converting bicarbonate and H+ to carbon dioxide and water. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake ...
... • the reverse reaction, converting bicarbonate and H+ to carbon dioxide and water. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake ...
lec4-5-biosynthesis_specificity
... distort the substrate in such a way to facillate the subsequent reaction – Little clear-cut evidence on distorted binding ...
... distort the substrate in such a way to facillate the subsequent reaction – Little clear-cut evidence on distorted binding ...
A2 Physiology Revision Exam Questions
... Using your knowledge of energy systems, outline and explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic ...
... Using your knowledge of energy systems, outline and explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic ...
Glycolysis
... The enzymes Glucokinase & Glucose-6-phosphatase, both found in liver but not in most other body cells, allow the liver to control blood [glucose]. ...
... The enzymes Glucokinase & Glucose-6-phosphatase, both found in liver but not in most other body cells, allow the liver to control blood [glucose]. ...
Glycolysis
... The enzymes Glucokinase & Glucose-6-phosphatase, both found in liver but not in most other body cells, allow the liver to control blood [glucose]. ...
... The enzymes Glucokinase & Glucose-6-phosphatase, both found in liver but not in most other body cells, allow the liver to control blood [glucose]. ...
Biosynthesis of Pyrimidines
... CPS II • Carbamoyl phosphate for pyrimidine synthesis is made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) • This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) • Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine, 2 ATP ...
... CPS II • Carbamoyl phosphate for pyrimidine synthesis is made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) • This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) • Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine, 2 ATP ...
Metabolism of erythrocytes
... O2 binds Fe2+ - an intermediate structure - an electron is delocalized between the iron ion and the O2 the side effect - every so often a molecule of oxyhaemoglobin undergoes decomposition and release superoxide ...
... O2 binds Fe2+ - an intermediate structure - an electron is delocalized between the iron ion and the O2 the side effect - every so often a molecule of oxyhaemoglobin undergoes decomposition and release superoxide ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (aka Hexose monophosphate shunt)
... • G6PD is the most regulated enzyme: inhibition by NADPH, expression is dependent on insulin thus it is only expressed at high glucose concentration • Since the non-oxidative pathway is reversible, the direction is dependent on the need of the cell for ATP / acetyl CoA (energy / fatty acid synthesis ...
... • G6PD is the most regulated enzyme: inhibition by NADPH, expression is dependent on insulin thus it is only expressed at high glucose concentration • Since the non-oxidative pathway is reversible, the direction is dependent on the need of the cell for ATP / acetyl CoA (energy / fatty acid synthesis ...
Lecture 7: Metabolic Regulation - University of California, Berkeley
... The inner membrane folds to create cristae, increasing surface area for enzymes involved in the electron transport chain. The internal space is the mitochondrial matrix, where CAC occurs. Cellular respiration. Aerobic catabolism takes place in mitochondria. Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + Work + Heat Oxi ...
... The inner membrane folds to create cristae, increasing surface area for enzymes involved in the electron transport chain. The internal space is the mitochondrial matrix, where CAC occurs. Cellular respiration. Aerobic catabolism takes place in mitochondria. Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + Work + Heat Oxi ...
Student notes in ppt
... lactic acid) by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. 3. Under anaerobic conditions in microorganisms such as yeast, pyruvate can also be utilized for alcoholic fermentation to convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol using the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. ...
... lactic acid) by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. 3. Under anaerobic conditions in microorganisms such as yeast, pyruvate can also be utilized for alcoholic fermentation to convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol using the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.