Ch 8 Chapter Summary
... A working muscle cell recycles its entire pool of ATP once each minute. ○ More than 10 million ATP molecules are consumed and regenerated per second per cell. Regeneration of ATP is an endergonic process, requiring an investment of energy: ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O where ΔG = +7.3 kcal/mol, under standar ...
... A working muscle cell recycles its entire pool of ATP once each minute. ○ More than 10 million ATP molecules are consumed and regenerated per second per cell. Regeneration of ATP is an endergonic process, requiring an investment of energy: ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O where ΔG = +7.3 kcal/mol, under standar ...
Chapter 8 Notes
... An endergonic reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. ○ Endergonic reactions store energy in molecules; G is positive. ○ Endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of G is the quantity of energy required to drive the reaction. ...
... An endergonic reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. ○ Endergonic reactions store energy in molecules; G is positive. ○ Endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of G is the quantity of energy required to drive the reaction. ...
Mechanisms of Enzymes
... Catalytic Mechanisms HOW do enzymes do their job? • Reducing activation energy… sure, but HOW does an enzyme catalysis reduce the energy barrier ΔG‡? • Remember: The rate of a chemical reaction of substrate S to product P is governed by the activatio ...
... Catalytic Mechanisms HOW do enzymes do their job? • Reducing activation energy… sure, but HOW does an enzyme catalysis reduce the energy barrier ΔG‡? • Remember: The rate of a chemical reaction of substrate S to product P is governed by the activatio ...
Redox Introduction
... Thus oxidation is defined as the process by which electrons are apparently removed from an atom or ion. ...
... Thus oxidation is defined as the process by which electrons are apparently removed from an atom or ion. ...
Protein Unit Study Guide/Review Sheets
... STOPS WORKING BECAUSE IT IS TOO FAR AWAY FROM ITS OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE OF 40; IT MAY BE DENATURED, WHICH MEANS ITS SHAPE HAS BEEN CHANGED; SINCE ENZYME FUNCTION DEPENDS SO MUCH ON SHAPE, IF ITS SHAPE IS CHANGED, IT CAN’T FUNCTION (SEE QUESTION #45) 54. What will happen to the rate of an enzyme reacti ...
... STOPS WORKING BECAUSE IT IS TOO FAR AWAY FROM ITS OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE OF 40; IT MAY BE DENATURED, WHICH MEANS ITS SHAPE HAS BEEN CHANGED; SINCE ENZYME FUNCTION DEPENDS SO MUCH ON SHAPE, IF ITS SHAPE IS CHANGED, IT CAN’T FUNCTION (SEE QUESTION #45) 54. What will happen to the rate of an enzyme reacti ...
Translation Tjian lec 26
... by the their “S values,” which refer to their rate of sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge. Despite the differences in the number and size of their rRNA and protein components, both procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes have nearly the same structure and they function similarly. Although the 18S and 2 ...
... by the their “S values,” which refer to their rate of sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge. Despite the differences in the number and size of their rRNA and protein components, both procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes have nearly the same structure and they function similarly. Although the 18S and 2 ...
CHAPTERS 19 AND 20
... Size of proteins – Very large 6000 to millions amu’s – Proteins are too large to pass through cell membranes and are contained inside the normal cells, when trauma or disease damage the cell membrane the proteins leak out, when protein is found in the urine, this indicates kidney damage ...
... Size of proteins – Very large 6000 to millions amu’s – Proteins are too large to pass through cell membranes and are contained inside the normal cells, when trauma or disease damage the cell membrane the proteins leak out, when protein is found in the urine, this indicates kidney damage ...
Document
... • Add together the reduction halfreaction with the oxidation halfreaction to get the complete redox reaction. ...
... • Add together the reduction halfreaction with the oxidation halfreaction to get the complete redox reaction. ...
Energy Systems
... fat to yield ATP is referred to as lipolysis. While the supply of fatty acids is essentially unlimited, the rate at which lipolysis occurs is the limiting factor in obtaining ATP. Lipolysis is responsible for resting muscle activity, but its contribution to the overall muscle energy supply will decr ...
... fat to yield ATP is referred to as lipolysis. While the supply of fatty acids is essentially unlimited, the rate at which lipolysis occurs is the limiting factor in obtaining ATP. Lipolysis is responsible for resting muscle activity, but its contribution to the overall muscle energy supply will decr ...
Unit 1 Chemistry Study Guide
... Why do scientists use the scientific method to study environmental problems? List the hierarchy of organization for living things & for classification. Why is evolution the "biological theme that ties together all the others"? If neon has an atomic number of 10, how many valence electrons does it ha ...
... Why do scientists use the scientific method to study environmental problems? List the hierarchy of organization for living things & for classification. Why is evolution the "biological theme that ties together all the others"? If neon has an atomic number of 10, how many valence electrons does it ha ...
An ADP/ATP-Specific Mitochondrial Carrier Protein
... no obvious mechanism for ATP synthesis within the organelle. This is in contrast to the hydrogenosomes of trichomonads and some chytrid fungi, where ATP synthesis occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation rather than oxidative phosphorylation,14 and is significant because ATP is essential for some ...
... no obvious mechanism for ATP synthesis within the organelle. This is in contrast to the hydrogenosomes of trichomonads and some chytrid fungi, where ATP synthesis occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation rather than oxidative phosphorylation,14 and is significant because ATP is essential for some ...
7 | cellular respiration
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
Structural Insights into Catalysis and Inhibition of O
... O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase activity spectrophotometrically at 560 nm by monitoring the formation of cysteine using the acid-ninhydrin method (26). The reactions were carried out in 1500 l of 100 mM MOPS buffer at pH 7.0. O-Acetyl-Lserine and sodium sulfide (dissolved in 1 mM NaOH) were added to f ...
... O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase activity spectrophotometrically at 560 nm by monitoring the formation of cysteine using the acid-ninhydrin method (26). The reactions were carried out in 1500 l of 100 mM MOPS buffer at pH 7.0. O-Acetyl-Lserine and sodium sulfide (dissolved in 1 mM NaOH) were added to f ...
The Logic Linking Protein Acetylation and Metabolism
... CDKs to drive the cell cycle under these conditions. More generally, phosphorylation-based signaling pathways may impinge on sirtuins to exert an additional layer of control over protein acetylation. How will the flow of carbon provide acetyl-CoA for acetylation of cytosolic/ nuclear proteins under ...
... CDKs to drive the cell cycle under these conditions. More generally, phosphorylation-based signaling pathways may impinge on sirtuins to exert an additional layer of control over protein acetylation. How will the flow of carbon provide acetyl-CoA for acetylation of cytosolic/ nuclear proteins under ...
Electrochemistry
... A. Any chemical process in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is an _________-__________ reaction. 1. The name for this type of reaction is often shortened to what is called a ________ reaction. 2. A species _____ _________ when _______ (LEO). A species _____ ________ when ____ ...
... A. Any chemical process in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is an _________-__________ reaction. 1. The name for this type of reaction is often shortened to what is called a ________ reaction. 2. A species _____ _________ when _______ (LEO). A species _____ ________ when ____ ...
lecture_ch02_2014 modified
... and activators are chemicals that bind to enzymes, and by blocking the active site or altering the shape or structure of the enzyme can change the rate at which the enzyme catalyzes reactions. ...
... and activators are chemicals that bind to enzymes, and by blocking the active site or altering the shape or structure of the enzyme can change the rate at which the enzyme catalyzes reactions. ...
Chapter 8 Your Body`s Metabolism
... Electrons from hydrogen atoms in coenzymes enter the electron transport chain ...
... Electrons from hydrogen atoms in coenzymes enter the electron transport chain ...
Protein Structure and Function
... but must be accessible at the same time -Resting enzyme exist in an open state to which substrates can bind readily ...
... but must be accessible at the same time -Resting enzyme exist in an open state to which substrates can bind readily ...
Kevin Ahern's Biochemistry Course (BB 350) at Oregon State University
... 2. Ketone bodies are the body's means to provide energy to the brain when glucose concentrations are VERY low. This can occur during starvation or with some types of diabetes. Ketone bodies are made by putting together acetyl-CoAs to make four carbon intermediates by reversing the reaction catalyzed ...
... 2. Ketone bodies are the body's means to provide energy to the brain when glucose concentrations are VERY low. This can occur during starvation or with some types of diabetes. Ketone bodies are made by putting together acetyl-CoAs to make four carbon intermediates by reversing the reaction catalyzed ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... (c) An investigation was carried out into the ability of bacteria to use different substances as substrates for aerobic respiration. Cultures of bacteria were grown separately in media containing lactic acid or one of the substances shown in the diagram (pyruvic acid, molecule B or molecule C). The ...
... (c) An investigation was carried out into the ability of bacteria to use different substances as substrates for aerobic respiration. Cultures of bacteria were grown separately in media containing lactic acid or one of the substances shown in the diagram (pyruvic acid, molecule B or molecule C). The ...
CHAPTER 8 PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS
... (1s ) remain constant while the nuclear charge increases. The electrons that are added across the row are valence electrons which do not shield each other well. Therefore, moving across a period of the table, the valence electrons experience a greater effective nuclear charge. Of the elements in a g ...
... (1s ) remain constant while the nuclear charge increases. The electrons that are added across the row are valence electrons which do not shield each other well. Therefore, moving across a period of the table, the valence electrons experience a greater effective nuclear charge. Of the elements in a g ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Lectures For UG-5
... interconversion of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-carbon sugars (Figure 13.2). These reversible reactions permit ribulose 5-phosphate (produced by the oxidative portion of the pathway) to be converted either to ribose 5-phosphate (needed for nucleotide synthesis) or to intermediates of glycol ...
... interconversion of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-carbon sugars (Figure 13.2). These reversible reactions permit ribulose 5-phosphate (produced by the oxidative portion of the pathway) to be converted either to ribose 5-phosphate (needed for nucleotide synthesis) or to intermediates of glycol ...
Middle-Term Test Paper on Biochemistry
... D. The combination of some of cofactors with apoenzymes are loose E. There are some groups among diverse coenzymes that can proceed with the reversible change 10) Which is error about the narration on glycolysis A. Glycolysis in diverse tissues only proceed under the anaerobic condition or oxygen un ...
... D. The combination of some of cofactors with apoenzymes are loose E. There are some groups among diverse coenzymes that can proceed with the reversible change 10) Which is error about the narration on glycolysis A. Glycolysis in diverse tissues only proceed under the anaerobic condition or oxygen un ...
Sample%20Exam%20Protein%20ANSWERS
... 1. Explain how you can distinguish these two peptide hormones by their UV visible spectra in the 250-300 nm range. Three amino acids absorb light in this spectral range: tryptophan (W) with λmax at 280 nm and ε = 5,000 M-1cm-1, tyrosine (Y) with λmax at 275 nm and ε = 1,300 M-1cm-1 and phenylalanine ...
... 1. Explain how you can distinguish these two peptide hormones by their UV visible spectra in the 250-300 nm range. Three amino acids absorb light in this spectral range: tryptophan (W) with λmax at 280 nm and ε = 5,000 M-1cm-1, tyrosine (Y) with λmax at 275 nm and ε = 1,300 M-1cm-1 and phenylalanine ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.