training handout - Science Olympiad
... signaling pathways. o In their negative role, rafts may spatially segregate interacting components to block nonspecific pathway activation, or may directly suppress the activity of signaling proteins present in rafts. Proteins serve different functions ...
... signaling pathways. o In their negative role, rafts may spatially segregate interacting components to block nonspecific pathway activation, or may directly suppress the activity of signaling proteins present in rafts. Proteins serve different functions ...
Powerpoint - Oregon State University
... Activation of RAS results in activation of transcription pathways that result in cell division. Mutations to RAS result in RAS being left on (so cells continuously divide). Mutated RAS is the most common point mutation in cancer - found in 90% of pancreatic cancers and 20% of all cancers. ...
... Activation of RAS results in activation of transcription pathways that result in cell division. Mutations to RAS result in RAS being left on (so cells continuously divide). Mutated RAS is the most common point mutation in cancer - found in 90% of pancreatic cancers and 20% of all cancers. ...
Macromolecules
... are chains of amino acids subunits. The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do. There are thousands of proteins that perform many types of functions. ...
... are chains of amino acids subunits. The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do. There are thousands of proteins that perform many types of functions. ...
Enzyme Assay for Glutathione S-Transferase Protocol
... Glutathione S Transferase (GST) is an enzyme involved in detoxification of a wide range of compounds and is involved in reducing free radical damage in red blood cells. The enzyme is easily purified by affinity chromatography and has been used as a fusion partner for many recombinant proteins. Ident ...
... Glutathione S Transferase (GST) is an enzyme involved in detoxification of a wide range of compounds and is involved in reducing free radical damage in red blood cells. The enzyme is easily purified by affinity chromatography and has been used as a fusion partner for many recombinant proteins. Ident ...
Protein Sulfenylation in Mitochondria: Biochemistry and
... respiratory chain (Brandes et al., 2009). However, in the case of matrix proteins only little is known on the physiological relevance of cysteine oxidation. Redox-regulation was shown for the human branched chain aminotransferase which, upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide, is inactivated by formation ...
... respiratory chain (Brandes et al., 2009). However, in the case of matrix proteins only little is known on the physiological relevance of cysteine oxidation. Redox-regulation was shown for the human branched chain aminotransferase which, upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide, is inactivated by formation ...
energy and enzymes - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Most chemical reactions require an input of energy to start (e.g., a match is lit, and the heat energy is used to start wood burning in a fireplace). At the chemical level, input energy must break existing chemical bonds before new bonds can form. In thermodynamics, this input energy is called activ ...
... Most chemical reactions require an input of energy to start (e.g., a match is lit, and the heat energy is used to start wood burning in a fireplace). At the chemical level, input energy must break existing chemical bonds before new bonds can form. In thermodynamics, this input energy is called activ ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism - University of San Diego Home Pages
... This pathway occurs in the cytosol. 2 carbon are added at a time to produce acetyl CoA. The precursors are from glucose and amino acids. This is distinct from ß oxidation- it is a reductive process and uses NADPH. It takes place in the cytosol. A 3 carbon acid malonyl-CoA as the 2 carbon donar. The ...
... This pathway occurs in the cytosol. 2 carbon are added at a time to produce acetyl CoA. The precursors are from glucose and amino acids. This is distinct from ß oxidation- it is a reductive process and uses NADPH. It takes place in the cytosol. A 3 carbon acid malonyl-CoA as the 2 carbon donar. The ...
October 15 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... C) their enzymes have high optimal temperatures. D) their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature. E) they use molecules other than proteins or RNAs as their main catalysts. ...
... C) their enzymes have high optimal temperatures. D) their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature. E) they use molecules other than proteins or RNAs as their main catalysts. ...
Document
... In ureotelic organisms the urea cycle disposes of approximately 90% of surplus nitrogen. Urea is formed from ammonia, CO2, and aspartate in a cyclic pathway referred to as the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a mechanism designed to convert NH4+ to urea, a less toxic molecule. Note that citrulline is t ...
... In ureotelic organisms the urea cycle disposes of approximately 90% of surplus nitrogen. Urea is formed from ammonia, CO2, and aspartate in a cyclic pathway referred to as the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a mechanism designed to convert NH4+ to urea, a less toxic molecule. Note that citrulline is t ...
Theory_2004
... If you added 14C malonyl CoA, labelled in the carboxylic acid carbon (see diagram below), to cells undergoing fatty acid synthesis to palmitate (C16) where would you expect to recover the ...
... If you added 14C malonyl CoA, labelled in the carboxylic acid carbon (see diagram below), to cells undergoing fatty acid synthesis to palmitate (C16) where would you expect to recover the ...
ConcepTest On Simple Redox Reactions
... Comment to Instructor: Correct answer is 3. HCl. Since the oxidation number of H is decreasing from +1 to 0, it is undergoing reduction. Zn is being oxidized, and HCl is the “agent” that is causing the Zn to be oxidized. #4 indicates that the student is thinking that the Zn+2in ZnCl2 is undergoing r ...
... Comment to Instructor: Correct answer is 3. HCl. Since the oxidation number of H is decreasing from +1 to 0, it is undergoing reduction. Zn is being oxidized, and HCl is the “agent” that is causing the Zn to be oxidized. #4 indicates that the student is thinking that the Zn+2in ZnCl2 is undergoing r ...
nutrition, metabolism, and body temperature
... proteins), enzymes, and hormones • Whether amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins or are burned for energy depends on a number of factors: – 1.The all-or-none rule: • All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in a cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts for ...
... proteins), enzymes, and hormones • Whether amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins or are burned for energy depends on a number of factors: – 1.The all-or-none rule: • All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in a cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts for ...
1 A
... The following basic conclusions can be drawn from the data in the above Table: (i) a decrease in the redox potential means stabilisation of the FeIII state as compared to FeII. That is, in the presence of hydroxide, cyanide, or oxalate ions FeII can be oxidised to FeIII or FeIII can hardly be reduce ...
... The following basic conclusions can be drawn from the data in the above Table: (i) a decrease in the redox potential means stabilisation of the FeIII state as compared to FeII. That is, in the presence of hydroxide, cyanide, or oxalate ions FeII can be oxidised to FeIII or FeIII can hardly be reduce ...
PPT - Chris Anthony
... The peroxide is removed by catalase. No useable energy from this reaction. Its prosthetic group is probably TPQ as in other copper-containing amine oxidases. ...
... The peroxide is removed by catalase. No useable energy from this reaction. Its prosthetic group is probably TPQ as in other copper-containing amine oxidases. ...
1 - Humble ISD
... 90. The link reaction produces Acetyl CoA (2C) from the input substrate (usually pyruvate). The extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecule ...
... 90. The link reaction produces Acetyl CoA (2C) from the input substrate (usually pyruvate). The extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecule ...
1 Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition Affinity labels for studying enzyme
... The Bohr Effect Lower pH → decrease Hb affinity for O2 ...
... The Bohr Effect Lower pH → decrease Hb affinity for O2 ...
Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis
... • Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate allosterically activates the glycolysis enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1, promoting the relaxed state, even at relatively high [ATP]. Activity in the presence of fructose2,6-bisphosphate is similar to that observed when [ATP] is low. Thus control by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, ...
... • Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate allosterically activates the glycolysis enzyme Phosphofructokinase-1, promoting the relaxed state, even at relatively high [ATP]. Activity in the presence of fructose2,6-bisphosphate is similar to that observed when [ATP] is low. Thus control by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, ...
Enzymes Powerpoint
... 2. Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site. Examples o Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase. o Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These ...
... 2. Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site. Examples o Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase. o Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These ...
Biochem 2 Recitation #2 Spr 20152102105.pptx
... Glycerol-3-phosphate gets converted back to DHAP by a membrane-bound mGPdh, this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound FAD to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) which enters into oxidative phosphorylation. This reaction is irreversible ...
... Glycerol-3-phosphate gets converted back to DHAP by a membrane-bound mGPdh, this time reducing one molecule of enzyme-bound FAD to FADH2. FADH2 then reduces coenzyme Q (ubiquinone to ubiquinol) which enters into oxidative phosphorylation. This reaction is irreversible ...
Mitochondrial NRG - Designs for Health
... It has been well established in the scientific medical literature that mitochondrial dysfunction, with its associated ATP deficiency, is related to a host of diseases, including degenerative neurological disorders (i.e., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), c ...
... It has been well established in the scientific medical literature that mitochondrial dysfunction, with its associated ATP deficiency, is related to a host of diseases, including degenerative neurological disorders (i.e., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), c ...
CHAPTER 6
... The effect of the 5-fluoro substitution on the mechanism of action of thymidylate synthase. An enzyme thiol group (from a Cys side chain) ordinarily attacks the 6position of dUMP so that C-5 can react as a carbanion with N5,N10-methylene-THF. Normally, free enzyme is regenerated following release of ...
... The effect of the 5-fluoro substitution on the mechanism of action of thymidylate synthase. An enzyme thiol group (from a Cys side chain) ordinarily attacks the 6position of dUMP so that C-5 can react as a carbanion with N5,N10-methylene-THF. Normally, free enzyme is regenerated following release of ...
the phosphoglycerate mutase family studied by protein engineering
... the interconversion of 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathways. This enzyme has been very well characterized, particularly the enzyme from Succhuromyces cerevisiue whose amino acid sequence and high-resolution crystal structure have been determined [ I . 21. A detailed cat ...
... the interconversion of 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathways. This enzyme has been very well characterized, particularly the enzyme from Succhuromyces cerevisiue whose amino acid sequence and high-resolution crystal structure have been determined [ I . 21. A detailed cat ...
Microbial Fuel Cells - Cooper Union Open Source
... Before catabolism begins, glucose diffuses into the cell. This transport is enabled by passive transport proteins, which specifically pass glucose through the cell membrane with a set permeability. In the first step of glucose catabolism, each glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis, or breakdown to t ...
... Before catabolism begins, glucose diffuses into the cell. This transport is enabled by passive transport proteins, which specifically pass glucose through the cell membrane with a set permeability. In the first step of glucose catabolism, each glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis, or breakdown to t ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.