Document
... the carbon framework of citrulline via its aamino group (reaction 2b). The course of reaction 2 was verified using 18O-labeled citrulline. The 18O label (indicated by the asterisk, *) was recovered in AMP. Citrulline and AMP are joined via the ureido *O atom. The product of this reaction is arginino ...
... the carbon framework of citrulline via its aamino group (reaction 2b). The course of reaction 2 was verified using 18O-labeled citrulline. The 18O label (indicated by the asterisk, *) was recovered in AMP. Citrulline and AMP are joined via the ureido *O atom. The product of this reaction is arginino ...
Document
... Enzymes have been grouped into 6 general classes by “The Enzyme Commission”. These include 1) Oxidoreductases, 2) Transferases, 3) Hydrolases, 4) Lyases, 5) Isomerases and 6) Ligases. Since such classifications can aid recognition of enzymes, we will briefly discuss each of these groups and provide ...
... Enzymes have been grouped into 6 general classes by “The Enzyme Commission”. These include 1) Oxidoreductases, 2) Transferases, 3) Hydrolases, 4) Lyases, 5) Isomerases and 6) Ligases. Since such classifications can aid recognition of enzymes, we will briefly discuss each of these groups and provide ...
Chapter 27 Reproductive Endocrinology
... electrons pass to lower E molecules electrons in O2 have lowest E O2 ...
... electrons pass to lower E molecules electrons in O2 have lowest E O2 ...
biology
... (in animal feed) to promote growth/prophylactic or preventative use (eq). (not: treat sick animals/better yield/prevent disease in meat) ...
... (in animal feed) to promote growth/prophylactic or preventative use (eq). (not: treat sick animals/better yield/prevent disease in meat) ...
The Fermentation of Pyruvate
... ªReview: In the process of glycolysis, a net profit of two ATP was produced, two NAD+ were reduced to two NADH + H+, and glucose was split into two pyruvate molecules. ªWhen oxygen is not present, pyruvate will undergo a process called fermentation. In the process of fermentation the NADH + H+ fro ...
... ªReview: In the process of glycolysis, a net profit of two ATP was produced, two NAD+ were reduced to two NADH + H+, and glucose was split into two pyruvate molecules. ªWhen oxygen is not present, pyruvate will undergo a process called fermentation. In the process of fermentation the NADH + H+ fro ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... and intermediates for other metabolic pathways - Glycolysis is at the hub of CHO metabolism because virtually all sugars, whether arising from diet or from catabolic reactions in the body, can ultimately be converted to glucose - Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis in cells with mitochondria & ...
... and intermediates for other metabolic pathways - Glycolysis is at the hub of CHO metabolism because virtually all sugars, whether arising from diet or from catabolic reactions in the body, can ultimately be converted to glucose - Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis in cells with mitochondria & ...
AP BIOLOGY Ch. 2 Objectives “Chemistry”
... 14. List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group. 15. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important. 16. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is d ...
... 14. List and describe the four major components of an amino acid. Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group. 15. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important. 16. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is d ...
Lecture6
... Gross Energy: When a substance is completely burnt to its ultimate oxidation product i.e CO2 and water and other gases, heat is given off and that heat is referred to as Gross energy. The quantity of heat resulting from complete oxidation of a unit weight of food is known as Gross energy. Gross Ener ...
... Gross Energy: When a substance is completely burnt to its ultimate oxidation product i.e CO2 and water and other gases, heat is given off and that heat is referred to as Gross energy. The quantity of heat resulting from complete oxidation of a unit weight of food is known as Gross energy. Gross Ener ...
Biochemistry_Written_Tests.doc
... Write the part of FAD molecule which is responsible for it's reduction properties. a. On 2 nitrogens (number 1,5) of the riboflavin ring ...
... Write the part of FAD molecule which is responsible for it's reduction properties. a. On 2 nitrogens (number 1,5) of the riboflavin ring ...
Figure 17-3 Degradation of glucose via the glycolytic pathway.
... •reduced at expense of electrons originally donated by 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, carried by NADH. Thus, no net oxidation occurs in glycolysis = fermentation; another organic serving as electron acceptor. •lactate, end-product under anaerobic conditions, diffuses thru cell membrane as waste into blood ...
... •reduced at expense of electrons originally donated by 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, carried by NADH. Thus, no net oxidation occurs in glycolysis = fermentation; another organic serving as electron acceptor. •lactate, end-product under anaerobic conditions, diffuses thru cell membrane as waste into blood ...
View Full PDF - Biochemical Society Transactions
... slopes of the primary double-reciprocal plots (of reaction rate against ATP concentration) as a function of inhibitor concentration were linear. When pyruvate was the variable substrate, however, non-linear-slope replots were obtained. Non-linear-slope effects normally reflect multiple combination o ...
... slopes of the primary double-reciprocal plots (of reaction rate against ATP concentration) as a function of inhibitor concentration were linear. When pyruvate was the variable substrate, however, non-linear-slope replots were obtained. Non-linear-slope effects normally reflect multiple combination o ...
Chapter 8 - HCC Learning Web
... Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product. ...
... Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product. ...
How Enzymes Are Named - Our biological products and solutions
... being consumed in the process, enzymes can speed up chemical processes that would otherwise run very slowly, if at all.; Enzymes are specific Contrary to inorganic catalysts such as acids, bases, metals and metal oxides, enzymes are very specific. In other words, each enzyme can break down or synthe ...
... being consumed in the process, enzymes can speed up chemical processes that would otherwise run very slowly, if at all.; Enzymes are specific Contrary to inorganic catalysts such as acids, bases, metals and metal oxides, enzymes are very specific. In other words, each enzyme can break down or synthe ...
Gluconeogenesis
... A metal ion such as Mn++ is required for the PEP Carboxykinase reaction, in addition to a Mg++ ion that binds with the nucleotide substrate at the active site. Mn++ is thought to promote Pi transfer by interacting simultaneously with the enolate oxygen atom and an oxygen atom of the terminal phospha ...
... A metal ion such as Mn++ is required for the PEP Carboxykinase reaction, in addition to a Mg++ ion that binds with the nucleotide substrate at the active site. Mn++ is thought to promote Pi transfer by interacting simultaneously with the enolate oxygen atom and an oxygen atom of the terminal phospha ...
Chapter 21 Biosynthetic Pathways
... • There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis: ---Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate + ATP. ---Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. ---Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. • These three steps are reversed in gluconeogenesis, but by different reactions and using different enzymes. ...
... • There are three irreversible steps in glycolysis: ---Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate + ATP. ---Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. ---Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. • These three steps are reversed in gluconeogenesis, but by different reactions and using different enzymes. ...
ch. 8 An Introduction to Metabolism
... Indicates whether a reaction will occur spontaneously (low G) G decreases as reaction approaches equilibrium G increases as reaction moves away equilibrium G = 0 when a reaction is in equilibrium ...
... Indicates whether a reaction will occur spontaneously (low G) G decreases as reaction approaches equilibrium G increases as reaction moves away equilibrium G = 0 when a reaction is in equilibrium ...
Metabolism
... Uses the chemiosmotic process whereby the movement of substances across a membrane is coupled to chemical reactions ...
... Uses the chemiosmotic process whereby the movement of substances across a membrane is coupled to chemical reactions ...
Enzyme lecture
... Indicates whether a reaction will occur spontaneously (low G) G decreases as reaction approaches equilibrium G increases as reaction moves away equilibrium G = 0 when a reaction is in equilibrium ...
... Indicates whether a reaction will occur spontaneously (low G) G decreases as reaction approaches equilibrium G increases as reaction moves away equilibrium G = 0 when a reaction is in equilibrium ...
Chapter 26
... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
Motoneuron Muscle Glucose Uptake
... It is likely to be higher for the motor units of the gastrocnemius than for the motor units of the occular muscles ...
... It is likely to be higher for the motor units of the gastrocnemius than for the motor units of the occular muscles ...
Cellular Respiration
... Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy •The Stages of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has two stages. •Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. •Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the p ...
... Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy •The Stages of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has two stages. •Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis. •Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the p ...
Biosynthesis of Plant Primary metabolites
... Glycolysis is the process of enzymatic reactions that converts glucose into 3-carbon compounds (pyruvate and glycerates), small amounts of ATP and NADH (reducing power). Glycolysis represents an anabolic pathway common in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Sugars and polysaccharides are transform ...
... Glycolysis is the process of enzymatic reactions that converts glucose into 3-carbon compounds (pyruvate and glycerates), small amounts of ATP and NADH (reducing power). Glycolysis represents an anabolic pathway common in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Sugars and polysaccharides are transform ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.