Lecture 12: Fighting Entropy I: An Introduction to Metabolism
... • Energy exists in various forms, some of which can perform work • Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion • Heat is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules • Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure (chemical bonds) ...
... • Energy exists in various forms, some of which can perform work • Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion • Heat is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules • Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure (chemical bonds) ...
C483 Exam I 2014 Answer Key
... 2) 6pts What are the major differences between a 310 helix and an alpha helix? Why is glycine likely found so often in a 310 helix? Many differences. Most relevant: 310 helix: 3 residues per turn, 10 atoms per H-bond loop. Alpha helix: 3.6 residues per turn, 13 atoms per H-bond loop. Glycine has no ...
... 2) 6pts What are the major differences between a 310 helix and an alpha helix? Why is glycine likely found so often in a 310 helix? Many differences. Most relevant: 310 helix: 3 residues per turn, 10 atoms per H-bond loop. Alpha helix: 3.6 residues per turn, 13 atoms per H-bond loop. Glycine has no ...
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme
... catalysis, the enzyme binds more strongly to its "transition state complex rather than its ground state reactants." In essence, the transition state is more stable. The stabilization of the transition state lowers the activation barrier between reactants and products thus increasing the rate of reac ...
... catalysis, the enzyme binds more strongly to its "transition state complex rather than its ground state reactants." In essence, the transition state is more stable. The stabilization of the transition state lowers the activation barrier between reactants and products thus increasing the rate of reac ...
Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
... must equal the number gained by the reduced one) 7) Add half-reactions and cancel electrons and other common species on left and right sides of the equation. 8) Check Reaction! It should be balanced in terms of oxidation states, charge and atoms. IF NOT, YOU HAVE MADE A MISTAKE! ...
... must equal the number gained by the reduced one) 7) Add half-reactions and cancel electrons and other common species on left and right sides of the equation. 8) Check Reaction! It should be balanced in terms of oxidation states, charge and atoms. IF NOT, YOU HAVE MADE A MISTAKE! ...
Model of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism
... reactions catalyzed by the enzymes acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, beta-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase, and acyl-CoA acetyletransferase (thiolase) ([5], Ch. 21; [6], Ch. 24). For simplicity, the reducing equivalents FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to NAD+ and NADH, as they consume ...
... reactions catalyzed by the enzymes acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, beta-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase, and acyl-CoA acetyletransferase (thiolase) ([5], Ch. 21; [6], Ch. 24). For simplicity, the reducing equivalents FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to NAD+ and NADH, as they consume ...
Practice Exam III answers
... 3). For the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase: ATP + AMP 2 ADP The overall G’ 0 even though the cellular [AMP], [ADP], and [ATP] are far away from their equilibrium values. What is an alternative explanation for why this reaction operates with a G’ 0? a). Adenylate kinase is altering t ...
... 3). For the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase: ATP + AMP 2 ADP The overall G’ 0 even though the cellular [AMP], [ADP], and [ATP] are far away from their equilibrium values. What is an alternative explanation for why this reaction operates with a G’ 0? a). Adenylate kinase is altering t ...
Revision of Biochemical pH-Stat: Involvement of
... Fig. 1 The structure and function of the revised biochemical pH-stat in the plant cell. (Structure) Heavy and dotted arrows indicate the main flow of the metabolism related to the function of the pH-stat and its regulation (activation: © and inhibition: ©) by metabolites, respectively. Red arrows wi ...
... Fig. 1 The structure and function of the revised biochemical pH-stat in the plant cell. (Structure) Heavy and dotted arrows indicate the main flow of the metabolism related to the function of the pH-stat and its regulation (activation: © and inhibition: ©) by metabolites, respectively. Red arrows wi ...
Biochemistry The Citric Acid Cycle Chapter 17:
... • Pyruvate + coenzyme A + NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH – Pyruvate transported through membrane protein into mitochondria – Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes this irreversible reaction • Complex of 3 enzymes family, with masses from 4 million to • Member of a large family 10 million daltons ...
... • Pyruvate + coenzyme A + NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH – Pyruvate transported through membrane protein into mitochondria – Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes this irreversible reaction • Complex of 3 enzymes family, with masses from 4 million to • Member of a large family 10 million daltons ...
Biol 1406 notes Ch 8 8thed - Chemistry
... s broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. ○ The energy released by catabolic pathways becomes available to do the work of the c ell, such as ciliary beating or membrane transport. Anabolic pathways, also called biosynthetic pathways, consume energy to build compl icated ...
... s broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. ○ The energy released by catabolic pathways becomes available to do the work of the c ell, such as ciliary beating or membrane transport. Anabolic pathways, also called biosynthetic pathways, consume energy to build compl icated ...
Chapter 8 Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Kinetics
... - A reaction can occur spontaneously only if ΔG is negative. - A system is at equilibrium and no net change can take place if ΔG is zero. - A reaction cannot occur spontaneously if ΔG is positive. - ΔG is independent of the path - ΔG provide no information about the rate of a reaction (activation en ...
... - A reaction can occur spontaneously only if ΔG is negative. - A system is at equilibrium and no net change can take place if ΔG is zero. - A reaction cannot occur spontaneously if ΔG is positive. - ΔG is independent of the path - ΔG provide no information about the rate of a reaction (activation en ...
Part (II) Nitrogenous molecules metabolism
... Part (II) Nitrogenous molecules metabolism Amino acids metabolism 1. Protein/amino acids catabolism: Protein turnover ...
... Part (II) Nitrogenous molecules metabolism Amino acids metabolism 1. Protein/amino acids catabolism: Protein turnover ...
Communication - Dundee Life Sciences
... product we constructed a strain in which the tatC gene was inactivated by an in-frame deletion as described under “Experimental Procedures.” The deletion strain is viable under aerobic respiratory or fermentative growth conditions, indicating that the gene does not encode an essential protein. Howev ...
... product we constructed a strain in which the tatC gene was inactivated by an in-frame deletion as described under “Experimental Procedures.” The deletion strain is viable under aerobic respiratory or fermentative growth conditions, indicating that the gene does not encode an essential protein. Howev ...
Energy and Metabolism
... Enzymes are proteins that carry out most catalysis in living organisms. • Unlike heat, enzymes are highly specific. Each enzyme typically speeds up only one or a few chemical reactions. • Unique three-dimensional shape enables an enzyme to stabilize a temporary association between substrates. • Beca ...
... Enzymes are proteins that carry out most catalysis in living organisms. • Unlike heat, enzymes are highly specific. Each enzyme typically speeds up only one or a few chemical reactions. • Unique three-dimensional shape enables an enzyme to stabilize a temporary association between substrates. • Beca ...
ESCC 7 The Anaerobic Glycolytic Energy System
... reactions and physiological processes that produce the compound ATP from substrate. This ATP is used to fuel muscular contractions. The system is classified as anaerobic because of the fact that oxygen is not involved in these reactions. It is called the glycolytic system in reference to the process ...
... reactions and physiological processes that produce the compound ATP from substrate. This ATP is used to fuel muscular contractions. The system is classified as anaerobic because of the fact that oxygen is not involved in these reactions. It is called the glycolytic system in reference to the process ...
ppt - 3.LF UK 2015
... The figure is found at: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/c11x11enzyme-cascade.jpg (December 2006) ...
... The figure is found at: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/c11x11enzyme-cascade.jpg (December 2006) ...
Chapter 24 Fatty Acids as Energy Source Fatty Acids as Energy
... H 3C C SCoA O O H 3 C C CH 2 C SCoA ...
... H 3C C SCoA O O H 3 C C CH 2 C SCoA ...
of membrane lipids
... • Proteins move laterally (through the plane of the membrane) at a rate of a few microns per second • Some integral membrane proteins move more slowly, at diffusion rates of 10 nm per sec – why? • Slower protein motion is likely for proteins that associate and bind with each other, and also for prot ...
... • Proteins move laterally (through the plane of the membrane) at a rate of a few microns per second • Some integral membrane proteins move more slowly, at diffusion rates of 10 nm per sec – why? • Slower protein motion is likely for proteins that associate and bind with each other, and also for prot ...
Mitochondrial Inputs - School of Applied Physiology
... – Phosphoenyl pyruvate carboxykinase • Swap carboxyl group for phosphate • Generates 3-C phosphoenolpyruvate from OA ...
... – Phosphoenyl pyruvate carboxykinase • Swap carboxyl group for phosphate • Generates 3-C phosphoenolpyruvate from OA ...
Chapter 26
... • Carbohydrates are hydrophilic, absorb water, and expand and occupy more space in the tissues, and fat is hydrophobic, contains almost no water, and is a more compact energy storage substance • Fat is less oxidized than carbohydrates and contains over twice as much energy: 9 kcal/g for fat; 4 kcal/ ...
... • Carbohydrates are hydrophilic, absorb water, and expand and occupy more space in the tissues, and fat is hydrophobic, contains almost no water, and is a more compact energy storage substance • Fat is less oxidized than carbohydrates and contains over twice as much energy: 9 kcal/g for fat; 4 kcal/ ...
Full_ppt_ch21
... – Activated when one or more peptides are removed – Example: Proinsulin is converted to insulin by removing a small peptide chain – Digestive enzymes are produced in one organ as zymogens, but not activated until they are needed; Ex. trypsinogen / trypsin ...
... – Activated when one or more peptides are removed – Example: Proinsulin is converted to insulin by removing a small peptide chain – Digestive enzymes are produced in one organ as zymogens, but not activated until they are needed; Ex. trypsinogen / trypsin ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... ● Amino acid degradation in every organ, especially in the liver and muscles ● Ammonia secretion (5-10% of whole N turnover) in kidney tubules from glutamine (Chinese Restaurant) ● Nucleotide (pyrimidine) degradation ● Intestinal bacteria produce it from amino acids and urea Ammonia is very toxic → ...
... ● Amino acid degradation in every organ, especially in the liver and muscles ● Ammonia secretion (5-10% of whole N turnover) in kidney tubules from glutamine (Chinese Restaurant) ● Nucleotide (pyrimidine) degradation ● Intestinal bacteria produce it from amino acids and urea Ammonia is very toxic → ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Nucleotide diphosphate kinases Both glycolysis and Oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP with its high energy phoshoanhydride bonds: How does GTP get made from GDP? Directly from a single step in the Krebs cycle AND from the following reaction GDP + ATP → GTP + ADP This is carried out in the cell b ...
... Nucleotide diphosphate kinases Both glycolysis and Oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP with its high energy phoshoanhydride bonds: How does GTP get made from GDP? Directly from a single step in the Krebs cycle AND from the following reaction GDP + ATP → GTP + ADP This is carried out in the cell b ...
Downloaded - Amazon Web Services
... mitochondria and have Qo,values which are approximately 10 times as high as those found in the chicken (1). Similarly, Lawrie (2) has reported that the levels of cytochrome oxidase, succinateoxidase,and succinatedehydrogenaseactivity in psoas muscleof the sedentary laboratory rabbit are approximatel ...
... mitochondria and have Qo,values which are approximately 10 times as high as those found in the chicken (1). Similarly, Lawrie (2) has reported that the levels of cytochrome oxidase, succinateoxidase,and succinatedehydrogenaseactivity in psoas muscleof the sedentary laboratory rabbit are approximatel ...
fiiformis1 - Plant Physiology
... acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (28); acyl-CoA oxidase (8); glutamateglyoxylate aminotransferase and serinq-glyoxylate aminotransferase (30). The amino acids formed during the aminotransferase reactions were determined by HPLC analysis (10). The protein ...
... acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (28); acyl-CoA oxidase (8); glutamateglyoxylate aminotransferase and serinq-glyoxylate aminotransferase (30). The amino acids formed during the aminotransferase reactions were determined by HPLC analysis (10). The protein ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.