Biochemistry and the Cell - Tanque Verde Unified District
... Water is not the only molecule that makes hydrogen bonds! They are important in DNA and other large molecules too. ...
... Water is not the only molecule that makes hydrogen bonds! They are important in DNA and other large molecules too. ...
Document
... muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why? a. different systems b. different pH c. different intermediaries d. more efficient enzymes in cardiac muscle © 2012 Pearson ...
... muscle fibers leads to production of two ATP molecules in mitochondria, but NADH produced by glycolysis in cardiac muscle cells leads to production of three ATP molecules. Why? a. different systems b. different pH c. different intermediaries d. more efficient enzymes in cardiac muscle © 2012 Pearson ...
Biochemistry with Elements of Chemistry - Collegium Medicum
... 18. Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The citric acid cycle. The energetic efficiency of citric acid cycle. 19. Bioenergetics of cell: ATP, AMP, ADP, 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, acetyl-CoA, phosphocreatine. NADH after glycolysis in aerobic ...
... 18. Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The citric acid cycle. The energetic efficiency of citric acid cycle. 19. Bioenergetics of cell: ATP, AMP, ADP, 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, acetyl-CoA, phosphocreatine. NADH after glycolysis in aerobic ...
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 P Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4
... Requires oxygen to generate ATP The aerobic production of energy does not produce any toxic waste products and so is the preferred system for prolonged exercise. Used during physical activity that lasts longer than ~2 minutes (e.g. distance running, hiking ATP production takes place in cellu ...
... Requires oxygen to generate ATP The aerobic production of energy does not produce any toxic waste products and so is the preferred system for prolonged exercise. Used during physical activity that lasts longer than ~2 minutes (e.g. distance running, hiking ATP production takes place in cellu ...
Exam 4 KEY
... (5 pts) As shown in the diagram at the right, Olestra is a fat substitute composed of a sucrose molecule covalently linked to several fatty acids. A. (2 pts) Why is this fat substitute considered a zero calorie fat molecule? Because pancreatic lipase does not recognize Olestra as a substrate and it ...
... (5 pts) As shown in the diagram at the right, Olestra is a fat substitute composed of a sucrose molecule covalently linked to several fatty acids. A. (2 pts) Why is this fat substitute considered a zero calorie fat molecule? Because pancreatic lipase does not recognize Olestra as a substrate and it ...
McFil: metabolic carbon flow in leaves
... Riens B., Lohaus G., Heineke D. & Heldt H.W. (1991) Amino acid and sucrose content determined in the cytosolid, chloroplastic, and vacuolar compartments and in the phloem sap of spinach leaves. Pl ...
... Riens B., Lohaus G., Heineke D. & Heldt H.W. (1991) Amino acid and sucrose content determined in the cytosolid, chloroplastic, and vacuolar compartments and in the phloem sap of spinach leaves. Pl ...
Chapter 3: Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
... high-energy intermediate for some reactions in which ATP is the energy source. Arsenate can also be incorporated into a similar high-energy intermediate in place of the phosphate (Figure Q3-50B). Figure Q3-50C shows the reaction profiles for the hydrolysis of these two high-energy intermediates. Wha ...
... high-energy intermediate for some reactions in which ATP is the energy source. Arsenate can also be incorporated into a similar high-energy intermediate in place of the phosphate (Figure Q3-50B). Figure Q3-50C shows the reaction profiles for the hydrolysis of these two high-energy intermediates. Wha ...
Lecture_5a_ Catalysis . ppt - University of Massachusetts
... the activation barrier for the first step must be higher than the activation barrier for the second step (thick line). If k 1is much slower than k , 2 conversion of A to I is the rate-determining step for the reaction. That is, the overall reaction proceeds at a rate that can be no faster than k . 1 ...
... the activation barrier for the first step must be higher than the activation barrier for the second step (thick line). If k 1is much slower than k , 2 conversion of A to I is the rate-determining step for the reaction. That is, the overall reaction proceeds at a rate that can be no faster than k . 1 ...
2.Carbohydrates - Distance Education Chennai
... When two or more polypeptide chains (either of identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed. Quaternary structure is an attribute of polymeric (same-sequence chains) or heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins like hemoglobin, which ...
... When two or more polypeptide chains (either of identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed. Quaternary structure is an attribute of polymeric (same-sequence chains) or heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins like hemoglobin, which ...
Chapter 26
... • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells of ileum and colon • Sense that food has arrived in the stomach • Secrete PYY long before chyme reaches the ileum in amounts proportionate to calories consumed • Primary effect is to signal satiety and terminate eating • Signal that ends a meal ...
... • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells of ileum and colon • Sense that food has arrived in the stomach • Secrete PYY long before chyme reaches the ileum in amounts proportionate to calories consumed • Primary effect is to signal satiety and terminate eating • Signal that ends a meal ...
CHAPTER 1 - Portal UniMAP
... • The binding of one substrate to enzyme facilitates binding of other substrate molecules • Rate expression: ...
... • The binding of one substrate to enzyme facilitates binding of other substrate molecules • Rate expression: ...
Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport and
... charge separation in PSI and PSII reaction centres, and subsequent electron transfer reactions, enabling electrons and protons to be taken from H2O and the release of O2. The released electrons are transported via a series of redox-active co-factors to reduce a final electron acceptor, such as NADP+ ...
... charge separation in PSI and PSII reaction centres, and subsequent electron transfer reactions, enabling electrons and protons to be taken from H2O and the release of O2. The released electrons are transported via a series of redox-active co-factors to reduce a final electron acceptor, such as NADP+ ...
Anaerobically functioning mitochondria
... is clear Mytilus may use this pathway to survive when an abundant source of oxygen is not present e.g., intertidal periodicity. Accordingly, if mitochondria represents evolutionary defined endosymbiont organelles, they have retained part of the anaerobic process associated with bacteria. This dynami ...
... is clear Mytilus may use this pathway to survive when an abundant source of oxygen is not present e.g., intertidal periodicity. Accordingly, if mitochondria represents evolutionary defined endosymbiont organelles, they have retained part of the anaerobic process associated with bacteria. This dynami ...
Chapter Assessment
... equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell. ...
... equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell. ...
Enzymes
... metals, salt and salt ions, and oxidizing agents. enzymes in beverages can occur naturally in the ingredients used to formulate the beverage. Most fruits contain low levels of pectinase, and the malting process produces significant levels of amylase. In other cases, a product designer can add an enz ...
... metals, salt and salt ions, and oxidizing agents. enzymes in beverages can occur naturally in the ingredients used to formulate the beverage. Most fruits contain low levels of pectinase, and the malting process produces significant levels of amylase. In other cases, a product designer can add an enz ...
Enzymes - Dr. Hamad Ali Yaseen
... digestion enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin • Some names describe both the substrate and the function • For example, alcohol dehydrogenase oxides ethanol ...
... digestion enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin • Some names describe both the substrate and the function • For example, alcohol dehydrogenase oxides ethanol ...
Artifact 1
... split the six carbon chain into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. A deficiency of aldolase B is a more serious genetic defect that results in an accumulation of fructose‐1‐phosphate, and trapping of phosphate. Aldolase B is essential in carbohydrate metabolism as it catalyzes this ma ...
... split the six carbon chain into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. A deficiency of aldolase B is a more serious genetic defect that results in an accumulation of fructose‐1‐phosphate, and trapping of phosphate. Aldolase B is essential in carbohydrate metabolism as it catalyzes this ma ...
Fermentation of sugars and fermentative enzymes
... This formulation shows that the molecule which undergoes fermentation is split into two partial molecules each having three C atoms, one of which is richer in energy and the other poorer in energy than half the substrate, and that the zymophosphate synthesis is obtained at the expense of the ferment ...
... This formulation shows that the molecule which undergoes fermentation is split into two partial molecules each having three C atoms, one of which is richer in energy and the other poorer in energy than half the substrate, and that the zymophosphate synthesis is obtained at the expense of the ferment ...
![JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000939420_1-ae0fa12f0b4eac306770097ba9ecae40-300x300.png)
JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]
... b. Lactate is released into the blood, taken up by the liver, and converted to pyruvate by LDH c. Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and is released into the blood where it can be used as an energy source for muscle as well as other tissues ...
... b. Lactate is released into the blood, taken up by the liver, and converted to pyruvate by LDH c. Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and is released into the blood where it can be used as an energy source for muscle as well as other tissues ...
![JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005255251_1-e457e3f80be2f5d8ecf577d50c416034-300x300.png)
JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]
... b. Lactate is released into the blood, taken up by the liver, and converted to pyruvate by LDH c. Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and is released into the blood where it can be used as an energy source for muscle as well as other tissues ...
... b. Lactate is released into the blood, taken up by the liver, and converted to pyruvate by LDH c. Pyruvate is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and is released into the blood where it can be used as an energy source for muscle as well as other tissues ...
5-Cell and Molecular Biology (Golgi etc)
... These oligosaccharide processing pathways occur in a correspondingly organized sequence in the Golgi stack, with each cisterna containing its own set of processing enzymes Proteins are modified in successive stages as they move from cisterna to cisterna across the stack So that the stack forms ...
... These oligosaccharide processing pathways occur in a correspondingly organized sequence in the Golgi stack, with each cisterna containing its own set of processing enzymes Proteins are modified in successive stages as they move from cisterna to cisterna across the stack So that the stack forms ...
Biochemistry Lit Exam Concepts Soluble/Membrane protein function
... Enzyme catalysis: Understand the principles that drive enzyme-based catalysis, be able to demonstrate the understanding of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by writing the mechanism for that reaction. Be able to explain the details of catalysis for any given macromolecular catalyst (soluble/membrane prot ...
... Enzyme catalysis: Understand the principles that drive enzyme-based catalysis, be able to demonstrate the understanding of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by writing the mechanism for that reaction. Be able to explain the details of catalysis for any given macromolecular catalyst (soluble/membrane prot ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.