Discussion prompts
... to form a new strand of DNA, using an existing DNA strand as a template. A number of enzymes such as RNA polymerases are involved in polymerizing individual RNA nucleotides to form a strand of RNA, generally using an existing DNA strand as a template (or RNA as a template in some viruses).] 5. Expl ...
... to form a new strand of DNA, using an existing DNA strand as a template. A number of enzymes such as RNA polymerases are involved in polymerizing individual RNA nucleotides to form a strand of RNA, generally using an existing DNA strand as a template (or RNA as a template in some viruses).] 5. Expl ...
Biochemistry Lit Exam Concepts Soluble/Membrane protein function
... Enzyme catalysis: Understand the principles that drive enzyme-based catalysis, be able to demonstrate the understanding of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by writing the mechanism for that reaction. Be able to explain the details of catalysis for any given macromolecular catalyst (soluble/membrane prot ...
... Enzyme catalysis: Understand the principles that drive enzyme-based catalysis, be able to demonstrate the understanding of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by writing the mechanism for that reaction. Be able to explain the details of catalysis for any given macromolecular catalyst (soluble/membrane prot ...
발효화학-8.
... Respiration : the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP, Sec.5.*) Anaerobic respiration : ETP process with externally supplied oxidized compounds other than oxygen as ...
... Respiration : the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP, Sec.5.*) Anaerobic respiration : ETP process with externally supplied oxidized compounds other than oxygen as ...
Enzyme Catalysis Lab
... 1. Salt Concentration. If the salt concentration is close to zero, the charged amino acid side chains of the enzyme molecules will attract to each other. The enzyme will denature and form an inactive precipitate. If, on the other hand, the salt concentration is too high, normal interaction of charge ...
... 1. Salt Concentration. If the salt concentration is close to zero, the charged amino acid side chains of the enzyme molecules will attract to each other. The enzyme will denature and form an inactive precipitate. If, on the other hand, the salt concentration is too high, normal interaction of charge ...
Enzyme powerpoint
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
Enzymes 1 and 2
... The “Induced fit” hypothesis provides a more accurate description of specificity Induced fit favors formation of the transition-state Specificity and reactivity are often linked. In the hexokinase reaction, binding of glucose in the active site induces a conformational change in the enzyme that caus ...
... The “Induced fit” hypothesis provides a more accurate description of specificity Induced fit favors formation of the transition-state Specificity and reactivity are often linked. In the hexokinase reaction, binding of glucose in the active site induces a conformational change in the enzyme that caus ...
Metabolism and Glycolysis
... 6) Relationship with other pathways. (Shared metabolites, enzymes and regulations). 7) Later, you will have to visualize each pathway interacting with other pathways in normal and in pathological conditions. Anabolic reactions consume energy and nutrients to synthesize cell components like proteins. ...
... 6) Relationship with other pathways. (Shared metabolites, enzymes and regulations). 7) Later, you will have to visualize each pathway interacting with other pathways in normal and in pathological conditions. Anabolic reactions consume energy and nutrients to synthesize cell components like proteins. ...
Chem 306 Ch 19 Enzymes Spring 2007
... typically 106 to 1012 times greater than those of the corresponding uncatalyzed reactions Turnover number: The number of molecules of substrate acted on by one molecule of enzyme per minute Ex: Carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate at a rate of 36 million molecules per minute. CO ...
... typically 106 to 1012 times greater than those of the corresponding uncatalyzed reactions Turnover number: The number of molecules of substrate acted on by one molecule of enzyme per minute Ex: Carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate at a rate of 36 million molecules per minute. CO ...
File
... 2. ATP is generated by the oxidation of fuel molecules such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. The common intermediate in most of these oxidations is acetyl CoA. The carbon atoms of the acetyl unit are completely oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle with the concomitant formation of NADH ...
... 2. ATP is generated by the oxidation of fuel molecules such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. The common intermediate in most of these oxidations is acetyl CoA. The carbon atoms of the acetyl unit are completely oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle with the concomitant formation of NADH ...
Lecture outline handouts
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
Chap 8 - Phillips Scientific Methods
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
08_DetailLectOut
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
... The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves. Why does the hydrolysis of ATP yield so much energy? o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are ...
Metabolism: the Degradation and Synthesis of Living Cells
... • Observation of metabolic processes in intact living organisms (e.g., in the brains under various states) • Metabolism differences among various organisms or various states of the same organism (for diagnosing and treating such diseases as cancer, infections of bacteria or viruses, obesity, etc; to ...
... • Observation of metabolic processes in intact living organisms (e.g., in the brains under various states) • Metabolism differences among various organisms or various states of the same organism (for diagnosing and treating such diseases as cancer, infections of bacteria or viruses, obesity, etc; to ...
Class Notes
... If cellular respiration releases 686 kcal/mol, then photosynthesis, the reverse reaction, must require an equivalent investment of energy. ○ For the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to sugar, G = +686 kcal/mol. ○ Photosynthesis is strongly endergonic, powered by the absorption of light energy. ...
... If cellular respiration releases 686 kcal/mol, then photosynthesis, the reverse reaction, must require an equivalent investment of energy. ○ For the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to sugar, G = +686 kcal/mol. ○ Photosynthesis is strongly endergonic, powered by the absorption of light energy. ...
Metabolism & Enzymes - Revere Local Schools
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
CHAPTER 7: Energy for Muscular Activity
... swim, sometimes described as high power output activities, require an immediate high rate of energy production as intensive muscle activity is done over a short time interval. The primary fuel source for these activities is the immediate or high energy phosphate system. Under these conditions, creat ...
... swim, sometimes described as high power output activities, require an immediate high rate of energy production as intensive muscle activity is done over a short time interval. The primary fuel source for these activities is the immediate or high energy phosphate system. Under these conditions, creat ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism Updated
... oxidized through this pathway. • Uronic acid pathway:Glucose is oxidized to glucuronic acid. • Galactose metabolism:Galactose is converted to glucose. • Fructose metabolism:Fructose is converted to glucose or metabolized in liver. ...
... oxidized through this pathway. • Uronic acid pathway:Glucose is oxidized to glucuronic acid. • Galactose metabolism:Galactose is converted to glucose. • Fructose metabolism:Fructose is converted to glucose or metabolized in liver. ...
Slide 1
... I. Oxidation & Reduction -a substance which ________ oxidizes another substance by ________ accepting its ________ electrons is called an ________ oxidizing _____, agent which is also reduced the substance that is _______ -a substance which _______ reduces another substance by ______ losing ________ ...
... I. Oxidation & Reduction -a substance which ________ oxidizes another substance by ________ accepting its ________ electrons is called an ________ oxidizing _____, agent which is also reduced the substance that is _______ -a substance which _______ reduces another substance by ______ losing ________ ...
Table 1 - Cambridge University Press
... to enhance ATP production in the normal host cell metabolism by enhancing the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, using energy-modulating vitamins, and thus prevent cancer cachexia. Female Sprague– Dawley rats were selected for the experimental study. Mammary carcinoma was induced by the oral admin ...
... to enhance ATP production in the normal host cell metabolism by enhancing the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, using energy-modulating vitamins, and thus prevent cancer cachexia. Female Sprague– Dawley rats were selected for the experimental study. Mammary carcinoma was induced by the oral admin ...
7 rounds of beta oxidation
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
... Fatty acids (FA) from the diet or from the degradation of triglycerides stored in adipose cells are broken down further to smaller molecules to completely metabolize them and therefore release energy. This process of catabolism of FA includes three major parts: ...
From Functional Genomics to Physiological Model: the
... assign functions to gene products at different levels, depending on how much is known about a gene product ...
... assign functions to gene products at different levels, depending on how much is known about a gene product ...
Chapter 14b
... 4. Acetyl-CoA is a powerful allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase since Acetyl-CoA requires oxaloacetate to continue the citric acid cycle pathway. 5. Gluconeogenesis only occurs when the citric acid cycle is inhibited by excess of ATP and/or NADH. 6. PEP in mitochondrion is transported throu ...
... 4. Acetyl-CoA is a powerful allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase since Acetyl-CoA requires oxaloacetate to continue the citric acid cycle pathway. 5. Gluconeogenesis only occurs when the citric acid cycle is inhibited by excess of ATP and/or NADH. 6. PEP in mitochondrion is transported throu ...
ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5
... The rates of pathway reactions vary to respond to changing conditions The enzymes that catalyze reactions in metabolic pathways generally catalyze only a single step Most pathways are irreversible under physiological conditions Most pathways are reversible under physiological conditions The flow of ...
... The rates of pathway reactions vary to respond to changing conditions The enzymes that catalyze reactions in metabolic pathways generally catalyze only a single step Most pathways are irreversible under physiological conditions Most pathways are reversible under physiological conditions The flow of ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.