Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Cellular Respiration • • • • • • process where cells break down sugars to produce ATP both autotrophs and heterotrophs use make CO2 and water from sugar and O2 Occurs in the mitochondria Products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis Products of photosynthesis are the reactants in cellular respiration • Two stages 1. Glycolysis 2. Aerobic respiration Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Photosynthesis-Cellular Respiration Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cellular Respiration Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Glycolysis • takes place in the cytosol of cells (cytoplasm) • does not need Oxygen present (anaerobic) • Step 1 • 1 six-carbon glucose molecule is split to form 2 three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules • 2 ATP molecules are used Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Glycolysis • takes place in the cytosol of cells (cytoplasm) • does not need Oxygen present (anaerobic) • Step 2 • Electrons from the pyruvic acid molecules join NAD+ to form NADH • Pyruvic acid molecules become Pyruvate • 4 ATP are made • A net yield of 2 ATP molecules is produced Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Glycolysis Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Glycolysis Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Efficiency of Glycolysis • not very efficient at transferring energy from glucose to ATP • only about 2% of the energy available from the oxidation of glucose is captured as ATP • energy originally contained in glucose is still held in pyruvic acid Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Aerobic Respiration • occurs in the mitochondria • only occurs if oxygen is present in the cell • Two stages 1. Krebs Cycle • occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 2. Electron Transport Chain (which is associated with chemiosmosis) • located in the inner membrane Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle • Step 1 • Pyruvate splits into a two carbon molecule and CO2 • Electrons join NAD+ to make NADH Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle • Step 2 • Pyruvic acid (2 carbon molecule) reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA • Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle • Step 3 • CoA joins with a four carbon molecule to make Citric acid (a six carbon molecule) • Coenzyme A goes back to step 2 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle • • • • Step 4 Citric acid is broken down and makes a five carbon molecule NADH is made CO2 is made Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle • Step 5 • The five carbon molecule is broken down to make a four carbon molecule • NADH is made • CO2 is made • 1 ATP is made Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle • • • • Step 6 Enzymes rearrange the four carbon molecule Electrons are released NADH is made • Products from one glucose molecule: – 6 CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Krebs Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis Step 1 • Electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis Step 2 • Electrons are passed from molecule to molecule in the ETC • Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis Step 3 • Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel • ATP synthase adds phosphates to ADP to Make ATP Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis Step 4 • Oxygen combines with electrons and Hydrogen ions to form water Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Efficiency of Cellular Respiration • produce up to 38 ATP molecules from a single molecule of glucose • 2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs, 34 from ETC • Cellular respiration is 20 times more efficient than glycolysis alone Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Summary of Cellular Respiration Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.