Topic 9 - Anderson High School
... Can you tell which is being oxidized? If not, then we need to use oxidation numbers. ...
... Can you tell which is being oxidized? If not, then we need to use oxidation numbers. ...
An Introductory Overview of Cells, Chemical Bonds & Energy
... ATP is produced by phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including: • Metabolism, synthesis, and active transport. • Roles in cell structure and locomotion. • Cell signaling. ...
... ATP is produced by phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including: • Metabolism, synthesis, and active transport. • Roles in cell structure and locomotion. • Cell signaling. ...
Enzymes - Website of Neelay Gandhi
... Serine Proteases Acid/Base catalysis Proton is transferred in transition state Enzyme rely side chain that can accept/donate proton in physio pH (ex: His) Metal Ion Catalysis Some enzymes require metalloenzymes (Liver Alcohol DeHydrogenase (Zinc) Bond Strain Catalysis Substrate distortion (substrate ...
... Serine Proteases Acid/Base catalysis Proton is transferred in transition state Enzyme rely side chain that can accept/donate proton in physio pH (ex: His) Metal Ion Catalysis Some enzymes require metalloenzymes (Liver Alcohol DeHydrogenase (Zinc) Bond Strain Catalysis Substrate distortion (substrate ...
Bacterial Fermentation
... and grow not only on glucose but also on other substrates such as fructose, galactose, mannose, saccharose and pentoses. With these substrates, certain variations of the fermentation pathways occur. For example, pentoses are fermented by facultative homofermentative organisms via the phosphoketolase ...
... and grow not only on glucose but also on other substrates such as fructose, galactose, mannose, saccharose and pentoses. With these substrates, certain variations of the fermentation pathways occur. For example, pentoses are fermented by facultative homofermentative organisms via the phosphoketolase ...
An operon encoding a novel ABC-type transport
... from the or-7 start codon might function as the transcriptional start for the three genes. Although not further discussed here, two additional ORFs, one located upstream from or-7 and the other downstream from or-3, are present in the 6 kbp PstI fragment. When the homologies of Orfl, Orf2 and Orf3 w ...
... from the or-7 start codon might function as the transcriptional start for the three genes. Although not further discussed here, two additional ORFs, one located upstream from or-7 and the other downstream from or-3, are present in the 6 kbp PstI fragment. When the homologies of Orfl, Orf2 and Orf3 w ...
I) Choose the best answer: 1- Which of the following metabolites can
... c) Requires NADP+ regeneration from NADPH d) Require utilization of pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase e) Requires utilization of ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis 3- In along term fast (more than 30 hours) most of the blood glucose is derived from: a) Acetyl-CoA b) Amino acids c) Muscle g ...
... c) Requires NADP+ regeneration from NADPH d) Require utilization of pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase e) Requires utilization of ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis 3- In along term fast (more than 30 hours) most of the blood glucose is derived from: a) Acetyl-CoA b) Amino acids c) Muscle g ...
PDHPE Teacher Sheet (1.7 MB)
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy source for all muscular contractions in the human body. Without ATP, we cannot live, let alone exercise! Cell - the human body is made up of millions of cells. ATP production starts in the cells. Once ATP is produced in the cell, muscles can use it to fuel contr ...
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy source for all muscular contractions in the human body. Without ATP, we cannot live, let alone exercise! Cell - the human body is made up of millions of cells. ATP production starts in the cells. Once ATP is produced in the cell, muscles can use it to fuel contr ...
File
... 5. The ionic bond is weak in the presence of water. The hydrogen bond is also weak but crucial to life. L. Hydrogen Bonds/Van der Walls Interactions 1. A hydrogen bond occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. 2. In l ...
... 5. The ionic bond is weak in the presence of water. The hydrogen bond is also weak but crucial to life. L. Hydrogen Bonds/Van der Walls Interactions 1. A hydrogen bond occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. 2. In l ...
Histidine and tyrosine phosphorylation in pea mitochondria
... Besides PDH and BCKDH more than 10 substrates for protein kinases have been detected in mammalian mitochondria, half of which show cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, implying that they phosphorylate proteins on serine or threonine residues [8,11]. The majority of these proteins are associated with the ...
... Besides PDH and BCKDH more than 10 substrates for protein kinases have been detected in mammalian mitochondria, half of which show cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, implying that they phosphorylate proteins on serine or threonine residues [8,11]. The majority of these proteins are associated with the ...
introduction to metabolism -- questions -
... c) their binding affinities. d) their energies of activation. e) none of the above. __ 49. The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is a spontaneous reaction. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to ...
... c) their binding affinities. d) their energies of activation. e) none of the above. __ 49. The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is a spontaneous reaction. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to ...
Chapter 3
... against the effectors of human sleeping sickness and the animal trypanosomiasis; T . b . b r u c e i, T .b e v a n s i and T . b . e q u i p e r i d u m . M e l a r s o p r o l is still the drug of choice in late stage trypanosomiasis. It is, however, associated with severe side effects, which are o ...
... against the effectors of human sleeping sickness and the animal trypanosomiasis; T . b . b r u c e i, T .b e v a n s i and T . b . e q u i p e r i d u m . M e l a r s o p r o l is still the drug of choice in late stage trypanosomiasis. It is, however, associated with severe side effects, which are o ...
Transamination, Deamination,urea cycle
... • first two reactions leading to the synthesis of urea occur in the mitochondria, whereas the remaining cycle enzymes are located in the cytosol • One nitrogen of the urea molecule is supplied by free ammonia, and the other nitrogen by aspartate ...
... • first two reactions leading to the synthesis of urea occur in the mitochondria, whereas the remaining cycle enzymes are located in the cytosol • One nitrogen of the urea molecule is supplied by free ammonia, and the other nitrogen by aspartate ...
Safety of Enzymes Used in the Manufacture of Ethanol from Grains
... business of national importance, resulting in increased availability of distillers’ grains (DG) for use in animal feed. A natural question is whether the processing aids used in ethanol manufacture are safe for the animals fed the DG co-product. This issue is discussed below for enzymes, which are u ...
... business of national importance, resulting in increased availability of distillers’ grains (DG) for use in animal feed. A natural question is whether the processing aids used in ethanol manufacture are safe for the animals fed the DG co-product. This issue is discussed below for enzymes, which are u ...
intermediary metabolism
... (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) proceeds in a stepwise manner through a number of consecutive enzymatic reactions. There are three major stages in aerobic catabolism. In Stage I, cell macromolecules are degraded to their major building blocks. Thus polysaccharides are degraded to hexoses or pen ...
... (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) proceeds in a stepwise manner through a number of consecutive enzymatic reactions. There are three major stages in aerobic catabolism. In Stage I, cell macromolecules are degraded to their major building blocks. Thus polysaccharides are degraded to hexoses or pen ...
NO OXYGEN!
... b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. ...
... b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... of Chl-b and Chl-a are around 460 nm and 430 nm, respectively, and their second maxima are around 650 nm and 700 nm, respectively. Chl-b can transfer light energy very efficiently to Chl-a. Thus, the absorption gap of Chl-a green window is narrowed by the light absorption of Chl-b. Hence, the latter ...
... of Chl-b and Chl-a are around 460 nm and 430 nm, respectively, and their second maxima are around 650 nm and 700 nm, respectively. Chl-b can transfer light energy very efficiently to Chl-a. Thus, the absorption gap of Chl-a green window is narrowed by the light absorption of Chl-b. Hence, the latter ...
L20 Medicinal Ch 28.07.2015 Metabolism
... 2 hours to see metabolic products (more than 2 hours indecates failure of renal elimination), if it remain less than 2 hours, quick renal elimination happen and no metabolic products appear. (3) Cytochrome P450 isozymes. Isozymes are multiple forms of enzymes that have different chemical structures ...
... 2 hours to see metabolic products (more than 2 hours indecates failure of renal elimination), if it remain less than 2 hours, quick renal elimination happen and no metabolic products appear. (3) Cytochrome P450 isozymes. Isozymes are multiple forms of enzymes that have different chemical structures ...
ENZYMES
... Lets talk TEMPERATURE!! Take a look at the graph below señor. The black line represents activity for a human enzyme at various temperatures. OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE occurs at about 37 0 C . Now compare that to a bacteria that naturally lives in hot springs, like those in Yellowstone National Park. OPTI ...
... Lets talk TEMPERATURE!! Take a look at the graph below señor. The black line represents activity for a human enzyme at various temperatures. OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE occurs at about 37 0 C . Now compare that to a bacteria that naturally lives in hot springs, like those in Yellowstone National Park. OPTI ...
Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to study
... genes have been identified and the information on that is freely available via Internet at http://www. ...
... genes have been identified and the information on that is freely available via Internet at http://www. ...
The Science of Energy Metabolism
... need to obtain potential energy from the foods we eat in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The modern western diet has lead to a decrease in nutrient intake and an increase in foods such as refined carbohydrates, trans fats and saturated fats. These direct sources of energy expectedly ha ...
... need to obtain potential energy from the foods we eat in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The modern western diet has lead to a decrease in nutrient intake and an increase in foods such as refined carbohydrates, trans fats and saturated fats. These direct sources of energy expectedly ha ...
CHAPTER 11 Mechanism of Enzyme Action
... or isopropanol to aceton even though they only differ by deletion or addition of one CH2 group ! ...
... or isopropanol to aceton even though they only differ by deletion or addition of one CH2 group ! ...
active site
... addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell • The ATP cycle is a revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways ...
... addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell • The ATP cycle is a revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.