bio98a_l10
... It would be wasteful to continue to turn substrate into product if enough is available for proper cellular function. Therefore, enzymes often are highly regulated by binding small molecule regulators that can either decrease or increase activity. A classic example is in amino acid metabolism. Severa ...
... It would be wasteful to continue to turn substrate into product if enough is available for proper cellular function. Therefore, enzymes often are highly regulated by binding small molecule regulators that can either decrease or increase activity. A classic example is in amino acid metabolism. Severa ...
Enzymes - A Level Notes
... temperature, so that if body temperature is raised, by fever or exercise, the enzymes are not denatured During hibernation, metabolism slows down so less energy is used pH - H+ ions may disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds that maintain the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The enzyme becomes de ...
... temperature, so that if body temperature is raised, by fever or exercise, the enzymes are not denatured During hibernation, metabolism slows down so less energy is used pH - H+ ions may disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds that maintain the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The enzyme becomes de ...
Arfs and membrane lipids: sensing, generating and responding to
... In the active, GTP-bound form nearly all of these GTPases are bound to membrane surfaces, where engagement and activation of downstream effector proteins takes place. Ras, Rho and Rab family GTPases are modified post-translationally, with C-terminal lipid modification (geranylgeranylation or farnesy ...
... In the active, GTP-bound form nearly all of these GTPases are bound to membrane surfaces, where engagement and activation of downstream effector proteins takes place. Ras, Rho and Rab family GTPases are modified post-translationally, with C-terminal lipid modification (geranylgeranylation or farnesy ...
Chapter 8 - Plant Biology
... substrate molecule (yellow-green) in the active site. Papain hydrolyzes the bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It is used as a meat tenderizer. Some enzymes depend only on their protein structure for their activity; others cannot function without certain nonprotein substances called c ...
... substrate molecule (yellow-green) in the active site. Papain hydrolyzes the bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It is used as a meat tenderizer. Some enzymes depend only on their protein structure for their activity; others cannot function without certain nonprotein substances called c ...
Coenzymes and Cofactors (PDF Available)
... acid–base catalysis, nucleophilic and electrophilic catalysis, and in a few instances radical initiation, but certainly do not account for all of the types of catalytic reactions of enzymes. For example, an important class of enzymatic reactions are redox reactions, and in general protein functional ...
... acid–base catalysis, nucleophilic and electrophilic catalysis, and in a few instances radical initiation, but certainly do not account for all of the types of catalytic reactions of enzymes. For example, an important class of enzymatic reactions are redox reactions, and in general protein functional ...
Common Course Objective - Austin Community College
... 9. Determine whether a cell's environment is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic with respect to the cell when given the concentration of solutes in the environment and in the cell. 10. Determine which way water will move by osmosis and whether the cell will shrink, stay the same shape, or swell, whe ...
... 9. Determine whether a cell's environment is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic with respect to the cell when given the concentration of solutes in the environment and in the cell. 10. Determine which way water will move by osmosis and whether the cell will shrink, stay the same shape, or swell, whe ...
Potato Bubbles: Intro to Enzymes Laboratory
... means that they ____________ _____ chemical reactions in our body. The way enzymes speed up reactions is by lowering the ______________________ _______________. Catalyzed reactions (reactions with an enzyme) happen much _________________ than uncatalyzed reactions (reactions without an enzyme). Dire ...
... means that they ____________ _____ chemical reactions in our body. The way enzymes speed up reactions is by lowering the ______________________ _______________. Catalyzed reactions (reactions with an enzyme) happen much _________________ than uncatalyzed reactions (reactions without an enzyme). Dire ...
Biochemistry - english for biology
... It is irreversibly converted to acetyl-CoA, giving off one carbon atom as the waste product carbon dioxide, generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) then enter the citric acid cycle, producing two more molecules of ATP, six more NADH ...
... It is irreversibly converted to acetyl-CoA, giving off one carbon atom as the waste product carbon dioxide, generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) then enter the citric acid cycle, producing two more molecules of ATP, six more NADH ...
the Overview - The United Mitochondrial Disease
... intracellular signaling of hormonal responses by changing the interaction of the receptor with downstream activators of various cellular pathways. Intracellular signaling in response to hormone binding can arise via generation of small molecules. For example, several cell receptors, including the i ...
... intracellular signaling of hormonal responses by changing the interaction of the receptor with downstream activators of various cellular pathways. Intracellular signaling in response to hormone binding can arise via generation of small molecules. For example, several cell receptors, including the i ...
APenzymes
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
Membrane Adaptation and Solute Uptake Systems
... membrane provide recognition sites for the small molecules or ions that are transported, and in the same fashion as occurs during enzyme catalysis, they undergo a series of conformational changes resulting in transfer of the substrate molecule from one side of the membrane to the other. By analogy w ...
... membrane provide recognition sites for the small molecules or ions that are transported, and in the same fashion as occurs during enzyme catalysis, they undergo a series of conformational changes resulting in transfer of the substrate molecule from one side of the membrane to the other. By analogy w ...
Triacylglycerol Metabolism Gone Bad: A major cause of disease
... Fatty Acid Synthesis • The main product of fatty acid synthase is palmitic acid (16:0). • Fatty acids can be elongated by other enzymes that add two carbon units from malonyl-CoA. Elongation is particularly important in brain. • Still other enzymes can add double bonds (usually at 9 ). Omega-3 and ...
... Fatty Acid Synthesis • The main product of fatty acid synthase is palmitic acid (16:0). • Fatty acids can be elongated by other enzymes that add two carbon units from malonyl-CoA. Elongation is particularly important in brain. • Still other enzymes can add double bonds (usually at 9 ). Omega-3 and ...
Pyrosequencing Technology
... Addition of dNTPs is performed one at a time. It should be noted that deoxyadenosine alfa-thio triphosphate (dATPaS) is used as a substitute for the natural deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) since it is efficiently used by the DNA polymerase, but not recognized by the luciferase. As the process con ...
... Addition of dNTPs is performed one at a time. It should be noted that deoxyadenosine alfa-thio triphosphate (dATPaS) is used as a substitute for the natural deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) since it is efficiently used by the DNA polymerase, but not recognized by the luciferase. As the process con ...
III. The History of Glycolysis: An Example of a Linear Metabolic
... made. Thus if the metabolic process requires the participation of well-integrated reactions the metabolic activity has the best chance of surviving in a slice. The slice is made as thin as possible to facilitate the diffusion of nutrients from the incubation buffer to the cells of the tissue Homogen ...
... made. Thus if the metabolic process requires the participation of well-integrated reactions the metabolic activity has the best chance of surviving in a slice. The slice is made as thin as possible to facilitate the diffusion of nutrients from the incubation buffer to the cells of the tissue Homogen ...
File
... 7. Effect of pH on Enzymes Enzymes work best within a range of pH depending on the type of enzyme. The pH that the enzymes works best at is called it’s Optimum pH If the pH is too high, the enzymes active site changes shape (denatured) What is the optimum pH of this enzyme ? ...
... 7. Effect of pH on Enzymes Enzymes work best within a range of pH depending on the type of enzyme. The pH that the enzymes works best at is called it’s Optimum pH If the pH is too high, the enzymes active site changes shape (denatured) What is the optimum pH of this enzyme ? ...
Generation of adenosine tri-phosphate in Leishmania
... (1979) in their “energy recycling model” proposed that electrogenic efflux of these organic end products via ion symport systems might lead to the generation of an electrochemical ion gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane thus providing metabolic energy to the cell. Amastigote cells would also be ...
... (1979) in their “energy recycling model” proposed that electrogenic efflux of these organic end products via ion symport systems might lead to the generation of an electrochemical ion gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane thus providing metabolic energy to the cell. Amastigote cells would also be ...
Rest to Exercise Transition
... Inadequate oxygen consumption during exercise – Resulted in oxygen deficit – Body borrowed on its energy reserves – Extra oxygen consumed (above rest) during recovery-oxygen debt Oxygen debt was then used as a measure of anaerobic metabolism during exercise – Inadequate for estimating anaerobic meta ...
... Inadequate oxygen consumption during exercise – Resulted in oxygen deficit – Body borrowed on its energy reserves – Extra oxygen consumed (above rest) during recovery-oxygen debt Oxygen debt was then used as a measure of anaerobic metabolism during exercise – Inadequate for estimating anaerobic meta ...
Autotrophs vs - Manhasset Public Schools
... One product of photosynthesis is _____________, which is released into the air and used by ___________________. Plants also create ______________, which is used by the plants to help them obtain the proper nutrients to grow. _______________ is stored in these food molecules, which is eventually rele ...
... One product of photosynthesis is _____________, which is released into the air and used by ___________________. Plants also create ______________, which is used by the plants to help them obtain the proper nutrients to grow. _______________ is stored in these food molecules, which is eventually rele ...
video slide
... b. A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a 2. Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions ...
... b. A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a 2. Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions ...
ENZYME KINETICS - University of Pennsylvania
... Enzymes are protein molecules composed of amino acids and are manufactured by the living cell. These molecules provide energy for the organism by catalyzing various biochemical reactions. If enzymes were not present in cells, most of the chemical reactions would not proceed at measurable rates at th ...
... Enzymes are protein molecules composed of amino acids and are manufactured by the living cell. These molecules provide energy for the organism by catalyzing various biochemical reactions. If enzymes were not present in cells, most of the chemical reactions would not proceed at measurable rates at th ...
Lecture Notes Ch21
... – Activated when one or more peptides are removed – Example: Proinsulin is converted to insulin by removing a small peptide chain – Digestive enzymes are produced in one organ as zymogens, but not activated until they are needed; Ex. trypsinogen / trypsin ...
... – Activated when one or more peptides are removed – Example: Proinsulin is converted to insulin by removing a small peptide chain – Digestive enzymes are produced in one organ as zymogens, but not activated until they are needed; Ex. trypsinogen / trypsin ...
Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
... Protoporphyrin binds oxygen to the sixth ligand of Fe(II) out of the plane of the heme. The fifth ligand is a Histidine, F8 on the side across the heme plane. His F8 binds to the proximal side and the oxygen binds to the distal side. The heme alone interacts with oxygen such that the Fe(II) becomes ...
... Protoporphyrin binds oxygen to the sixth ligand of Fe(II) out of the plane of the heme. The fifth ligand is a Histidine, F8 on the side across the heme plane. His F8 binds to the proximal side and the oxygen binds to the distal side. The heme alone interacts with oxygen such that the Fe(II) becomes ...
Glucose or Ethanol
... Alcoholic fermentations, Example: wine or beer fermentations AEROBIC (In the presence of Oxygen) Yeast propagation ...
... Alcoholic fermentations, Example: wine or beer fermentations AEROBIC (In the presence of Oxygen) Yeast propagation ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.