Nutrient uptake by protocells: a liposome model system
... to have access to ionic nutrients in the environment. It remains uncertain whether the observed permeation rates could sustain the activity of an enzyme with a relatively high turnover rate, and we are now testing this possibility. The ATP permeability coefficients (calculated here under the assumpt ...
... to have access to ionic nutrients in the environment. It remains uncertain whether the observed permeation rates could sustain the activity of an enzyme with a relatively high turnover rate, and we are now testing this possibility. The ATP permeability coefficients (calculated here under the assumpt ...
Oxidation – Reduction Reactions
... Lead storage battery: lead serves as the anode and lead coated with lead dioxide serves as the cathode Dry cell battery: in its acid version, the zinc inner case acts as the anode, while a carbon rod in contact with a moist paste of solid MnO2, solid NH4Cl, and a carbon rod act as the cathode Fuel c ...
... Lead storage battery: lead serves as the anode and lead coated with lead dioxide serves as the cathode Dry cell battery: in its acid version, the zinc inner case acts as the anode, while a carbon rod in contact with a moist paste of solid MnO2, solid NH4Cl, and a carbon rod act as the cathode Fuel c ...
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... Saturation curve for an enzyme reaction showing the relation between the substrate concentration (S) and rate (v) Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per second. For example, the uncatalyzed decarboxylation of orotidine 5'-monophosphate has a half life of 78 million years. However, ...
... Saturation curve for an enzyme reaction showing the relation between the substrate concentration (S) and rate (v) Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per second. For example, the uncatalyzed decarboxylation of orotidine 5'-monophosphate has a half life of 78 million years. However, ...
Ch 5 The Working Cell
... Activation energy required for reactions to occur Rxn rate generally ↑ with ↑ heat Body temperature not enough to meet activation energy needs of most chemical rxns Cells use enzymes to ↓ activation energy needed = allows rxns to occur at body temperature ...
... Activation energy required for reactions to occur Rxn rate generally ↑ with ↑ heat Body temperature not enough to meet activation energy needs of most chemical rxns Cells use enzymes to ↓ activation energy needed = allows rxns to occur at body temperature ...
Test 1 Study Guide
... iii. Synthesis is a building reaction (anabolism) while decomposition is breaking down (catabolism). Exchange reactions involve both. C. Water – polarity and size give it unique properties a. Liquid vs. ice b. Cohesive and adhesive: surface tension. c. Solvent – solutes dissolve in it. (Fig. 2.8a) d ...
... iii. Synthesis is a building reaction (anabolism) while decomposition is breaking down (catabolism). Exchange reactions involve both. C. Water – polarity and size give it unique properties a. Liquid vs. ice b. Cohesive and adhesive: surface tension. c. Solvent – solutes dissolve in it. (Fig. 2.8a) d ...
Word Doc - Computer Press Releases
... glycogen) to be able to resynthesize ATP. When activity is very quick and explosive, there is not enough time with regard to oxygen to be delivered to the actual contracting muscle tissue. This is where your anaerobic pathway is called into action. The anaerobic process does not require fresh air an ...
... glycogen) to be able to resynthesize ATP. When activity is very quick and explosive, there is not enough time with regard to oxygen to be delivered to the actual contracting muscle tissue. This is where your anaerobic pathway is called into action. The anaerobic process does not require fresh air an ...
Chapter 26 - Palm Beach State College
... • Complete proteins—high-quality dietary proteins that provide all essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance • Incomplete proteins—lower quality because they lack one or more essential amino acids ...
... • Complete proteins—high-quality dietary proteins that provide all essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance • Incomplete proteins—lower quality because they lack one or more essential amino acids ...
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) is a
... The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot happen independently of one another, similar to the acid–base reaction.[2] The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. ...
... The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot happen independently of one another, similar to the acid–base reaction.[2] The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction, because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. ...
Review Questions for 1st year chemistry
... Answer: C Electronegativity decreases as you move down the periodic table because as you move down, there are more valence shells which shield the pull of the protons in the nucleus. Fluorine is the first element in its group and therefore has the highest electronegativity. ...
... Answer: C Electronegativity decreases as you move down the periodic table because as you move down, there are more valence shells which shield the pull of the protons in the nucleus. Fluorine is the first element in its group and therefore has the highest electronegativity. ...
Chapter 11
... • Energy carried by photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength • Pigment – light absorbing molecule ...
... • Energy carried by photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength • Pigment – light absorbing molecule ...
SMU-DDE-Assignments-Scheme of Evaluation PROGRAM Bachelor
... although the liver actively produces ketone bodies, it lacks thiophorase and, therefore, is unable to use ketone bodies as fuel. Excessive production of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus: when the rate of formation of ketone bodies is greater than the rate of their use, their levels begin to rise ...
... although the liver actively produces ketone bodies, it lacks thiophorase and, therefore, is unable to use ketone bodies as fuel. Excessive production of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus: when the rate of formation of ketone bodies is greater than the rate of their use, their levels begin to rise ...
1. Metabolic Synthesis - Princeton University Press
... just a nucleoid, or DNA in the form of chromosomes] or eukaryotes (unicellular and multicellular organisms with nuclear membranes and DNA in the form of chromosomes) (fig. 1.2). The bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (archaebacteria), both prokaryotes, represent important microbial groups and are inv ...
... just a nucleoid, or DNA in the form of chromosomes] or eukaryotes (unicellular and multicellular organisms with nuclear membranes and DNA in the form of chromosomes) (fig. 1.2). The bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (archaebacteria), both prokaryotes, represent important microbial groups and are inv ...
Microsoft Word
... Measurement of respiration and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis activities in whole mitochondria. For these assays, mitochondria were prepared by the enzymatic method of (Guerin et al., 1979). The rates of ATP synthesis were determined as described in (Rak et al., 2007a). For respiration ATP synthesis and t ...
... Measurement of respiration and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis activities in whole mitochondria. For these assays, mitochondria were prepared by the enzymatic method of (Guerin et al., 1979). The rates of ATP synthesis were determined as described in (Rak et al., 2007a). For respiration ATP synthesis and t ...
Enzymes in Body Fluids
... -Enzymes are protein catalysts which are found in small amounts, mainly within cells such as clotting factors. -Most enzymes with diagnostic applications function within the cells in which they are synthesized and since they have a large molecular mass, they do not cross cell membranes readily. ...
... -Enzymes are protein catalysts which are found in small amounts, mainly within cells such as clotting factors. -Most enzymes with diagnostic applications function within the cells in which they are synthesized and since they have a large molecular mass, they do not cross cell membranes readily. ...
Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
... • Every chemical reaction between molecules involves bond breaking and bond forming • The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the free energy of activation, or activation energy (EA) • Activation energy is often supplied in the form of heat from the surroundings ...
... • Every chemical reaction between molecules involves bond breaking and bond forming • The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the free energy of activation, or activation energy (EA) • Activation energy is often supplied in the form of heat from the surroundings ...
Oxidation numbers
... · Loses electrons Reduction takes place when an element in a reaction · Decreases its oxidation number · Gains electrons To help you remember this, you can use “OIL RIG” – Oxidation is Loss Reduction is Gain (of electrons) ...
... · Loses electrons Reduction takes place when an element in a reaction · Decreases its oxidation number · Gains electrons To help you remember this, you can use “OIL RIG” – Oxidation is Loss Reduction is Gain (of electrons) ...
R-C-SCoA (acyl CoA) O
... When we focus on the chemical reactivity of the flavin we simply draw the three-ring isoalloxazine portion and represent the remainder of the dinucleotide by R-. The most important chemical reaction of flavin is a reversible oxidation reduction; this can be written as a 1,5 addition of 2H to give di ...
... When we focus on the chemical reactivity of the flavin we simply draw the three-ring isoalloxazine portion and represent the remainder of the dinucleotide by R-. The most important chemical reaction of flavin is a reversible oxidation reduction; this can be written as a 1,5 addition of 2H to give di ...
Slide 1
... Pyruvate’s options Quick energy needs – anaerobic Pyruvate-to-lactate or back to glucose Slower energy needs – aerobic Pyruvate-to-acetyl CoA (irreversible to glucose) ...
... Pyruvate’s options Quick energy needs – anaerobic Pyruvate-to-lactate or back to glucose Slower energy needs – aerobic Pyruvate-to-acetyl CoA (irreversible to glucose) ...
1 Enzyme Mechanisms Topics: TIM, Chymotrypsin, Rate
... charge and was therefore expected to kill the enzyme based on the above model. As it turned out, the activity did decrease, but only from about 108 to 10 4 . Similarly, adding a methyl group to His and mutating Ser each decreased the activity but only partially. Thus, something else had to be going ...
... charge and was therefore expected to kill the enzyme based on the above model. As it turned out, the activity did decrease, but only from about 108 to 10 4 . Similarly, adding a methyl group to His and mutating Ser each decreased the activity but only partially. Thus, something else had to be going ...
9.1 REDOX Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction
... Cu increases from 0 to +2. It is oxidized Only part of the N in nitric acid changes from +5 to +4. It is reduced The nitrogen that ends up in copper nitrate ...
... Cu increases from 0 to +2. It is oxidized Only part of the N in nitric acid changes from +5 to +4. It is reduced The nitrogen that ends up in copper nitrate ...
Valine Mydrogenase from Streptmzyces fiadipe
... deamination of L-valine in 0.3 M-glycine/KCl/KOH buffer was between 10.5 and 10.7. At the optimal pH, the amination rate was 4.9 times higher than the deamination rate. The optimal temperature for VDH activity, determined under standard conditions, was 65 "C for both reductive amination and oxidativ ...
... deamination of L-valine in 0.3 M-glycine/KCl/KOH buffer was between 10.5 and 10.7. At the optimal pH, the amination rate was 4.9 times higher than the deamination rate. The optimal temperature for VDH activity, determined under standard conditions, was 65 "C for both reductive amination and oxidativ ...
Lipid metabolism
... There are three fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenases specific for a different acyl chain length. Different enzymes are involved indifferent stages of beta oxidation. Long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase(LCAD) acts on ...
... There are three fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenases specific for a different acyl chain length. Different enzymes are involved indifferent stages of beta oxidation. Long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase(LCAD) acts on ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.