Novel nucleotide diversity of succinate thiokinase
... The nucleotide specificity of succinate thiokinase (STK) from a variety of sources has been studied (Palmer & Wedding. 1966; McClellan & Ottaway, 1980; Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges, 1982). Gram-negative bacteria can utilize both adenine and guanine nucleotides (ADP/ATP and G D P G T P ) on a single ' ...
... The nucleotide specificity of succinate thiokinase (STK) from a variety of sources has been studied (Palmer & Wedding. 1966; McClellan & Ottaway, 1980; Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges, 1982). Gram-negative bacteria can utilize both adenine and guanine nucleotides (ADP/ATP and G D P G T P ) on a single ' ...
Signaling9
... • b-Arrestin promotes removal of the receptor from the membrane by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. • b-Arrestin may also bind a cytosolic Phosphodiesterase, bringing this enzyme close to where cAMP is being produced, contributing to signal turnoff. 4. Protein Phosphatase catalyzes removal by hydrolys ...
... • b-Arrestin promotes removal of the receptor from the membrane by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. • b-Arrestin may also bind a cytosolic Phosphodiesterase, bringing this enzyme close to where cAMP is being produced, contributing to signal turnoff. 4. Protein Phosphatase catalyzes removal by hydrolys ...
Biology 6 Test 1 Study Guide
... iii. Smooth ER has no ribosomes. Used for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification. iv. Buds vesicles to Golgi. f. Golgi Complex – “post office” (Fig. 4.26) i. Sorts incoming proteins and lipids ii. “Tags” or modifies some for destination iii. Packages them for final destination in vesi ...
... iii. Smooth ER has no ribosomes. Used for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification. iv. Buds vesicles to Golgi. f. Golgi Complex – “post office” (Fig. 4.26) i. Sorts incoming proteins and lipids ii. “Tags” or modifies some for destination iii. Packages them for final destination in vesi ...
Bio301 final exam 2005 with model answers
... Explain the significance of anaplerotic sequences (replenishing the TCA cycle) in some biotechnological processes. Give examples (bioprocess and substrate used). Name the key enzymes involved. The TCA cycle has acetate as the input and CO2 and NADH as the key outputs. In its cyclic operation the C2 ...
... Explain the significance of anaplerotic sequences (replenishing the TCA cycle) in some biotechnological processes. Give examples (bioprocess and substrate used). Name the key enzymes involved. The TCA cycle has acetate as the input and CO2 and NADH as the key outputs. In its cyclic operation the C2 ...
Decreased
... that can cause blindness. • Treatment: Infuse EtOH to keep blood concentration at 100-200 mg/dL (legally intoxicated) for long enough to excrete the MeOH. ...
... that can cause blindness. • Treatment: Infuse EtOH to keep blood concentration at 100-200 mg/dL (legally intoxicated) for long enough to excrete the MeOH. ...
Protein mteabolism
... of cells rich in these enzymes. e.g. ALT and AST are present in liver, so their elevation in blood indicate liver cell damage such as in hepatitis, toxic injury, cirrhosiss,…… ...
... of cells rich in these enzymes. e.g. ALT and AST are present in liver, so their elevation in blood indicate liver cell damage such as in hepatitis, toxic injury, cirrhosiss,…… ...
Mechanism of Thymidylate Synthase, Cont`d
... Dehydrogenase • GAPDH is one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction to involve oxidation-reduction • It converts the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into the high energy phosphate compound, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), using NAD+ as a cofactor • BPG ...
... Dehydrogenase • GAPDH is one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction to involve oxidation-reduction • It converts the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into the high energy phosphate compound, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), using NAD+ as a cofactor • BPG ...
An Organometallic Inhibitor for Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
... metals such as ruthenium can reach kinetic stabilities that are comparable with those of covalent bonds.4 With this in mind, a ruthenium center may be considered as a virtual “hypervalent carbon” with unique structural opportunities. We recently introduced a strategy for developing ruthenium complex ...
... metals such as ruthenium can reach kinetic stabilities that are comparable with those of covalent bonds.4 With this in mind, a ruthenium center may be considered as a virtual “hypervalent carbon” with unique structural opportunities. We recently introduced a strategy for developing ruthenium complex ...
Nitrogen Assimilation 1. Introduction and Overview Importance of
... -‐ NO3 concentration in soil is highly variable [10µM -‐ 100mM] -‐ specific transporters with saturable kinetics i. LATS (low-‐affinity transport system, (non-‐)saturable) ii. HATS (high ...
... -‐ NO3 concentration in soil is highly variable [10µM -‐ 100mM] -‐ specific transporters with saturable kinetics i. LATS (low-‐affinity transport system, (non-‐)saturable) ii. HATS (high ...
ppt file/carboxilase
... b.) malate-aspartate shuttle can export cytoplasmic glycolytic NADH hydrogen to mitochondrial matrix to electron transport chain alpha-ketoglutarate-malate and aspartate-glutamate(+H+) antiporters take part In PC deficiency the NAD/NADH ratio is abnormal, mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupt ...
... b.) malate-aspartate shuttle can export cytoplasmic glycolytic NADH hydrogen to mitochondrial matrix to electron transport chain alpha-ketoglutarate-malate and aspartate-glutamate(+H+) antiporters take part In PC deficiency the NAD/NADH ratio is abnormal, mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupt ...
Chapter 15
... of enzyme (active site) and substrate cannot fit in the active site (change tertiary structure). - Like heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Ag+, or Hg2+) that bond with –COO-, or –OH groups of amino acid in an enzyme. - Penicillin inhibits an enzyme needed for formation of cell walls in bacteria: infection is s ...
... of enzyme (active site) and substrate cannot fit in the active site (change tertiary structure). - Like heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Ag+, or Hg2+) that bond with –COO-, or –OH groups of amino acid in an enzyme. - Penicillin inhibits an enzyme needed for formation of cell walls in bacteria: infection is s ...
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
... Uric acid crystals will form in the extremities with a surrounding area of inflammation. This is called a tophus and is often described as an arthritic “great toe”. Can be caused by a defect in an enzyme of purine metabolism or by reduced secretion of uric acid into the urinary tract. ...
... Uric acid crystals will form in the extremities with a surrounding area of inflammation. This is called a tophus and is often described as an arthritic “great toe”. Can be caused by a defect in an enzyme of purine metabolism or by reduced secretion of uric acid into the urinary tract. ...
Page 20-1 CHAPTER 20: Enzymes 20.2
... • Identify factors for the regulation of enzyme activity, including zymogen precursors and allosteric regulation ...
... • Identify factors for the regulation of enzyme activity, including zymogen precursors and allosteric regulation ...
Cellular Respiration
... a. What provided the spark to start the candle burning? b. What provides the fuel for the burning candle? 2. Is the burning candle giving off any type of energy? If so, what kind(s) of energy are being released? 3. Place the beaker or flask over the candle. What happens? 4. What caused the candle to ...
... a. What provided the spark to start the candle burning? b. What provides the fuel for the burning candle? 2. Is the burning candle giving off any type of energy? If so, what kind(s) of energy are being released? 3. Place the beaker or flask over the candle. What happens? 4. What caused the candle to ...
L. LEWIS ACID CATALYSIS
... Twenty amino acids is not enough. The breadth of chemistry handled by enzymes requires that additional chemical species be employed in catalysis. So-called cofactors are non-amino acid components of enzymes that may be either associated or bonded to proteins and contribute to rate acceleration. Roug ...
... Twenty amino acids is not enough. The breadth of chemistry handled by enzymes requires that additional chemical species be employed in catalysis. So-called cofactors are non-amino acid components of enzymes that may be either associated or bonded to proteins and contribute to rate acceleration. Roug ...
Exam Procedures: this isBMB 514 Exam #2 10/8/12 this is form A
... Page 2 of this exam contains information that may be useful to you: (a) abbreviations for the amino acids; (b) pKa values of functional groups; and (c) table of logarithms. Read each question very carefully. Choose the single, best answer and mark this answer on your answer sheet. No points will ...
... Page 2 of this exam contains information that may be useful to you: (a) abbreviations for the amino acids; (b) pKa values of functional groups; and (c) table of logarithms. Read each question very carefully. Choose the single, best answer and mark this answer on your answer sheet. No points will ...
On The Determination of Enzyme Structure, Function, and
... three-dimensional structures in order to provide a suitable environment for a particular chemical reaction to occur. The structure formed is such that those amino acids needed as reactants in the chemical reaction come close to each other even though they would be far apart in the linear chain of am ...
... three-dimensional structures in order to provide a suitable environment for a particular chemical reaction to occur. The structure formed is such that those amino acids needed as reactants in the chemical reaction come close to each other even though they would be far apart in the linear chain of am ...
Word
... Page 2 of this exam contains information that may be useful to you: (a) abbreviations for the amino acids; (b) pKa values of functional groups; and (c) table of logarithms. Read each question very carefully. Choose the single, best answer and mark this answer on your answer sheet. No points will ...
... Page 2 of this exam contains information that may be useful to you: (a) abbreviations for the amino acids; (b) pKa values of functional groups; and (c) table of logarithms. Read each question very carefully. Choose the single, best answer and mark this answer on your answer sheet. No points will ...
Membrane Proteins
... • 247 amino acid residues (26,000 MW) with retinal cofactor (absorbs light) • uses light energy to pump protons across membrane, out of cell, against a concentration gradient (example of primary active transport) • generates and maintains [H+] gradient (pH gradient) across cell membrane • transmembr ...
... • 247 amino acid residues (26,000 MW) with retinal cofactor (absorbs light) • uses light energy to pump protons across membrane, out of cell, against a concentration gradient (example of primary active transport) • generates and maintains [H+] gradient (pH gradient) across cell membrane • transmembr ...
Document
... 7.1.2 Charged intermediates can often be stabilized by transferring protons to or from the substrate or intermediate to form a species that breaks down to products more readily than to reactants. Catalysis here means the facilitated (coordinated, aligned) proton transfer. 7.1.3 General acid-base ca ...
... 7.1.2 Charged intermediates can often be stabilized by transferring protons to or from the substrate or intermediate to form a species that breaks down to products more readily than to reactants. Catalysis here means the facilitated (coordinated, aligned) proton transfer. 7.1.3 General acid-base ca ...
The FAH Fold Meets the Krebs Cycle
... The Krebs (or tricarboxylic acid, TCA) cycle forms a central junction in aerobic metabolism, being connectedto glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism (Figure 1). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, an important ...
... The Krebs (or tricarboxylic acid, TCA) cycle forms a central junction in aerobic metabolism, being connectedto glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism (Figure 1). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, an important ...
Even is better than odd: one fat may conceal another - AJP
... and lactate), lipids, ketone bodies, and even certain amino acids like leucine, all providing acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to feed the CAC. Under resting condition, 60 –70% of ATP generation in mitochondrion comes from -oxidation of fatty acids and 30 – 40% from carbohydrates. This preference for fatty ...
... and lactate), lipids, ketone bodies, and even certain amino acids like leucine, all providing acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to feed the CAC. Under resting condition, 60 –70% of ATP generation in mitochondrion comes from -oxidation of fatty acids and 30 – 40% from carbohydrates. This preference for fatty ...
Honors Enzyme reading
... enzyme just as heat causes a thermostat to turn off the production of heat. The end product of the pathway binds to an allosteric site on the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts down the entire sequence. Feedback inhibition occurs in most cells. Textbook website http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelear ...
... enzyme just as heat causes a thermostat to turn off the production of heat. The end product of the pathway binds to an allosteric site on the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts down the entire sequence. Feedback inhibition occurs in most cells. Textbook website http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelear ...
Luminescent Calcium Instructions
... generating a green light flash. It is primarily used in reporter assays and ATP assays. Its bioluminescent reaction is the most efficient known in nature! (With about 90 % of the energy released being converted to light): ATPdependent oxidation of luciferin by luciferase results in bioluminescence ( ...
... generating a green light flash. It is primarily used in reporter assays and ATP assays. Its bioluminescent reaction is the most efficient known in nature! (With about 90 % of the energy released being converted to light): ATPdependent oxidation of luciferin by luciferase results in bioluminescence ( ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.