1 Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanism
... 3. Cleavage reactions : less common when one electron remains with each product two free radicals ...
... 3. Cleavage reactions : less common when one electron remains with each product two free radicals ...
Industrial Biotechnology
... • This is the simplest of the three, and the driving force is the difference in concentration of the solute across the border. • The carrier in the membrane merely helps increase the rate of passage through the membrane, and not the final concentration in the cell. • (ii) Active transport: • This oc ...
... • This is the simplest of the three, and the driving force is the difference in concentration of the solute across the border. • The carrier in the membrane merely helps increase the rate of passage through the membrane, and not the final concentration in the cell. • (ii) Active transport: • This oc ...
Enzymes – Enzyme Mechanism
... Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction (1) Substrate binding • Enzymes properly position substrates for reaction (makes the formation of the transition state more frequent and lowers the energy of activation) (2) Transition state binding • Transition states are bound more tightly than sub ...
... Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction (1) Substrate binding • Enzymes properly position substrates for reaction (makes the formation of the transition state more frequent and lowers the energy of activation) (2) Transition state binding • Transition states are bound more tightly than sub ...
07 Enzyme Catalysis
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
Chapter 6 Lecture Slides - Tanque Verde School District
... equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell. ...
... equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell. ...
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
... pumped into tanks for distribution. For industrial use, water is sometimes passed through ion exchangers to remove ions like magnesium and calcium present in hard water. ...
... pumped into tanks for distribution. For industrial use, water is sometimes passed through ion exchangers to remove ions like magnesium and calcium present in hard water. ...
Metabolism: the Degradation and Synthesis of Living Cells
... of the life phenomena (“what happens in bacteria happens in human being”). ...
... of the life phenomena (“what happens in bacteria happens in human being”). ...
IB Chemistry Online EQ_Ans
... chlorine (Cl2) and argon (Ar) are simple molecular covalent substances and hence are held together in the solid state by London (dispersion) forces. A small amount of thermal energy is required to break these intermolecular forces and hence their melting points are low. The strength or extent of Lon ...
... chlorine (Cl2) and argon (Ar) are simple molecular covalent substances and hence are held together in the solid state by London (dispersion) forces. A small amount of thermal energy is required to break these intermolecular forces and hence their melting points are low. The strength or extent of Lon ...
The Organic Chemistry of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions Revised
... the ground-state energy • Many different hypotheses proposed for how enzymes catalyze reactions • Common link of hypotheses: enzymecatalyzed reaction always initiated by the formation of an enzyme-substrate (or ES) complex in a small cavity called the active site ...
... the ground-state energy • Many different hypotheses proposed for how enzymes catalyze reactions • Common link of hypotheses: enzymecatalyzed reaction always initiated by the formation of an enzyme-substrate (or ES) complex in a small cavity called the active site ...
Enzymes and pH Review Game with Answers 2013 2014
... B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzym ...
... B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzym ...
GLUCONEOGENESIS, GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS & DEGRADATION
... purposes in liver and muscle. The liver synthesizes glycogen after a carbohydrate meal and degrades it to free glucose during fasting. The glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen breakdown is cleaved to free glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase. The liver releases this glucose into the blood for use by ...
... purposes in liver and muscle. The liver synthesizes glycogen after a carbohydrate meal and degrades it to free glucose during fasting. The glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen breakdown is cleaved to free glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase. The liver releases this glucose into the blood for use by ...
Muscle Metabolism - White Plains Public Schools
... Actively contracting muscles compress arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen. This produces anaerobic conditions which produce lactic acid. ...
... Actively contracting muscles compress arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen. This produces anaerobic conditions which produce lactic acid. ...
Odormute Breakdown Industrial Digester
... and the spores germinate into growing cells that activate enzyme systems and begin feeding on the available nutrients. Breakdown Industrial Digester PowderTM contains 5 strains of Bacillus bacteria including 2 bacterial strains which are facultative anaerobes. Facultative Anaerobic bacteria work bot ...
... and the spores germinate into growing cells that activate enzyme systems and begin feeding on the available nutrients. Breakdown Industrial Digester PowderTM contains 5 strains of Bacillus bacteria including 2 bacterial strains which are facultative anaerobes. Facultative Anaerobic bacteria work bot ...
G 0 - Lucinda Supernavage
... • May be inorganic (such as a metal in ionic form) or organic • An organic cofactor is called a coenzyme – Coenzymes include vitamins ...
... • May be inorganic (such as a metal in ionic form) or organic • An organic cofactor is called a coenzyme – Coenzymes include vitamins ...
Chem 352 - Fall 2014 - Exam II
... a. In a couple of sentences, describe the structure that forms spontaneously when phosphotidylcholine is mixed with water. Include in this description a mention of the intermolecular interactions that lead to the formation of this structure. Phospholipids, such as phosphotidylcholine, are highly am ...
... a. In a couple of sentences, describe the structure that forms spontaneously when phosphotidylcholine is mixed with water. Include in this description a mention of the intermolecular interactions that lead to the formation of this structure. Phospholipids, such as phosphotidylcholine, are highly am ...
Summary - University of Amsterdam
... off solute transporters, called Antlp or PMP34 (in S. cerevisiae cerevisiae and man respectively). This prote catalyzess the exchange of adenine nucleotides across the peroxisomal membrane, which was demonstratedd directly by functional reconstitution of the purified protein in liposomes, thereby ci ...
... off solute transporters, called Antlp or PMP34 (in S. cerevisiae cerevisiae and man respectively). This prote catalyzess the exchange of adenine nucleotides across the peroxisomal membrane, which was demonstratedd directly by functional reconstitution of the purified protein in liposomes, thereby ci ...
Chapter 3: Enzymes: Structure and Function
... The active site is often a hydrophobic hollow or cleft with key polar (or nonpolar) amino acids in key locations on the enzyme surface that can accept substrates and cofactors. The enzyme contains amino acids that interact with the substrate and cofactor in the usual way (ionic interactions, H bond ...
... The active site is often a hydrophobic hollow or cleft with key polar (or nonpolar) amino acids in key locations on the enzyme surface that can accept substrates and cofactors. The enzyme contains amino acids that interact with the substrate and cofactor in the usual way (ionic interactions, H bond ...
Document
... Early copper miners used microbes to leach copper from ore without even knowing it Low-grade ore and mine tailings are exploited biologically Sulfides of metals like zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, tungsten, lead are insoluble in water These sulfides are converted to sulfate which are soluble Th ...
... Early copper miners used microbes to leach copper from ore without even knowing it Low-grade ore and mine tailings are exploited biologically Sulfides of metals like zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, tungsten, lead are insoluble in water These sulfides are converted to sulfate which are soluble Th ...
Chapter 24_CHEM 131
... KEY NUMBERS FOR ATP CALCULATIONS (continued) • Example for 10-carbon fatty acid (five acetyl CoA molecules, four trips through fatty acid spiral): ...
... KEY NUMBERS FOR ATP CALCULATIONS (continued) • Example for 10-carbon fatty acid (five acetyl CoA molecules, four trips through fatty acid spiral): ...
Functions of metal ions in biological systems
... • general acid-base catalysis; metal ions act as a Lewis acid, neutralize negative charge, promote catalysis through charge stabilization or shielding negative charges. Metal ions are often much more effective catalysts than protons because can be present in high concentrations at neutral pH, and ca ...
... • general acid-base catalysis; metal ions act as a Lewis acid, neutralize negative charge, promote catalysis through charge stabilization or shielding negative charges. Metal ions are often much more effective catalysts than protons because can be present in high concentrations at neutral pH, and ca ...
Redox I
... If the redox reaction takes place in BASIC solution, use steps 1-6 (as before) to balance the equation as if it took place in acidic solution. Then perform one more step: Step 7. (ONLY for redox reactions taking place in basic solution!) Add OH- to BOTH sides of the equation to cancel all of the H+, ...
... If the redox reaction takes place in BASIC solution, use steps 1-6 (as before) to balance the equation as if it took place in acidic solution. Then perform one more step: Step 7. (ONLY for redox reactions taking place in basic solution!) Add OH- to BOTH sides of the equation to cancel all of the H+, ...
Dominant Dietary Fatty Acids
... CoA is the carrier o Fatty acid synthesis Acyl group carrier is ACP Contains part of the CoA molecule Homology in acyl carrier group and CoA molecule (?) Acetyl CoA slide… Fig 14.1 o Priming reaction at first Reactions catalyzed by fatty acid synthase (Diagram) o Two business enzymes o Ying- ...
... CoA is the carrier o Fatty acid synthesis Acyl group carrier is ACP Contains part of the CoA molecule Homology in acyl carrier group and CoA molecule (?) Acetyl CoA slide… Fig 14.1 o Priming reaction at first Reactions catalyzed by fatty acid synthase (Diagram) o Two business enzymes o Ying- ...
FREE Sample Here
... ATP is the main energy currency in cells, and it can especially be used to drive condensation reactions that produce macromolecular polymers. How does ATP normally catalyze the condensation reaction, which by itself is energetically unfavorable? A. It transfers its terminal phosphate to an enzyme an ...
... ATP is the main energy currency in cells, and it can especially be used to drive condensation reactions that produce macromolecular polymers. How does ATP normally catalyze the condensation reaction, which by itself is energetically unfavorable? A. It transfers its terminal phosphate to an enzyme an ...
In Sweden, Mexico, the United States, and a num
... Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet of the cell theory, that all cells arise from preexisting cells. Like other discoveries, the cell theory is the work of many people over many years. Although only a few people are named as having made possible this important discovery, the credit really belongs t ...
... Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet of the cell theory, that all cells arise from preexisting cells. Like other discoveries, the cell theory is the work of many people over many years. Although only a few people are named as having made possible this important discovery, the credit really belongs t ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.