Enzymes - Capital High School
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
Classification of Enzymes
... a) are consumed in the reactions they catalyze. b) are very specific and can prevent the conversion of products back to substrates. c) drive reactions to completion while other catalysts drive reactions to equilibrium. d) increase the equilibrium constants for the reactions they catalyze. e) lower t ...
... a) are consumed in the reactions they catalyze. b) are very specific and can prevent the conversion of products back to substrates. c) drive reactions to completion while other catalysts drive reactions to equilibrium. d) increase the equilibrium constants for the reactions they catalyze. e) lower t ...
CH2O -OCH CH2O- - f.a. #1 f.a.#2 f.a.#3 f.a. = fatty acid.
... confined within that space. But in addition membranes confer a number of benefits upon cells: 1) An important function of a cell membranes is that of PROTECTION allowing the cell to maintain a constant local environment irrespective of any changes that might occur in the external phase. However a me ...
... confined within that space. But in addition membranes confer a number of benefits upon cells: 1) An important function of a cell membranes is that of PROTECTION allowing the cell to maintain a constant local environment irrespective of any changes that might occur in the external phase. However a me ...
Metabolism & Enzymes
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
CHAPTER 6
... electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway • FAD is covalently bound to the enzyme ...
... electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway • FAD is covalently bound to the enzyme ...
What Is the Chemical Logic of the TCA Cycle?
... electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway ...
... electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway ...
Chapter 21
... • The biosynthesis of other di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides also uses this common activation step to form an appropriate UDP derivative. ...
... • The biosynthesis of other di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides also uses this common activation step to form an appropriate UDP derivative. ...
Solutions_C17
... 21. Two oxygen and one carbon atom combine to form carbon dioxide. Complete the following steps to construct a structural diagram for CO2. 21a. Draw the LDS diagrams for oxygen and carbon. A. ...
... 21. Two oxygen and one carbon atom combine to form carbon dioxide. Complete the following steps to construct a structural diagram for CO2. 21a. Draw the LDS diagrams for oxygen and carbon. A. ...
Chapter Three Part Two
... electrons from a substance and their transfer to a terminal acceptor with a significant harvest of energy through oxidative phosphorylation (redox reactions). Oxygen may be used as the terminal ...
... electrons from a substance and their transfer to a terminal acceptor with a significant harvest of energy through oxidative phosphorylation (redox reactions). Oxygen may be used as the terminal ...
Enzyme
... Enzyme cofactor It is non-protein substance which makes some enzyme to function more efficiently. ...
... Enzyme cofactor It is non-protein substance which makes some enzyme to function more efficiently. ...
Word
... D) Phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase 14) The term substrate level phosphorylation applies to which glycolytic reactions? A) B) C) D) E) ...
... D) Phosphoglucomutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase 14) The term substrate level phosphorylation applies to which glycolytic reactions? A) B) C) D) E) ...
ENERGY
... Electron Transport Chain. The Hydrogen atoms (from Krebs Cycle) combine with the coenzymes NAD and FAD to form NADH and FADH. These are then carried down the Electron Transport Chain where hydrogen is split into H+ and e‾. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria where three important eve ...
... Electron Transport Chain. The Hydrogen atoms (from Krebs Cycle) combine with the coenzymes NAD and FAD to form NADH and FADH. These are then carried down the Electron Transport Chain where hydrogen is split into H+ and e‾. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria where three important eve ...
REVISION FOR ENERGY
... Electron Transport Chain. The Hydrogen atoms (from Krebs Cycle) combine with the coenzymes NAD and FAD to form NADH and FADH. These are then carried down the Electron Transport Chain where hydrogen is split into H+ and e‾. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria where three important eve ...
... Electron Transport Chain. The Hydrogen atoms (from Krebs Cycle) combine with the coenzymes NAD and FAD to form NADH and FADH. These are then carried down the Electron Transport Chain where hydrogen is split into H+ and e‾. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria where three important eve ...
Module Outline
... orbitals of the first two energy levels (pp. 26-28) Sketch a simplified diagrammatic representation of the atomic structure of any atom with an atomic number of 20 or less (p. 27) Distinguish between ionic, covalent, hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds, and give and draw an example of each (pp. 28-32) ...
... orbitals of the first two energy levels (pp. 26-28) Sketch a simplified diagrammatic representation of the atomic structure of any atom with an atomic number of 20 or less (p. 27) Distinguish between ionic, covalent, hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds, and give and draw an example of each (pp. 28-32) ...
GOALS FOR LECTURE 9:
... The rate of entry of glucose into a cell is limited by the number of glucose transporters on the cell surface and the affinity of the transporters for glucose. The members of the glucose transporter family are expressed at different levels in different tissues. Average blood glucose levels typically ...
... The rate of entry of glucose into a cell is limited by the number of glucose transporters on the cell surface and the affinity of the transporters for glucose. The members of the glucose transporter family are expressed at different levels in different tissues. Average blood glucose levels typically ...
Nucleotide Synthesis Nucleotides Origin of Atoms Nucleotide
... DNA rapidly and require rapid production of thymine nucleotides • by preventing formation of thymine nucleotides, rapidly dividing cells are killed ...
... DNA rapidly and require rapid production of thymine nucleotides • by preventing formation of thymine nucleotides, rapidly dividing cells are killed ...
Dinazyme C/S
... Involves movement of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. Ex., alcohol dehydrogen-ase catalyzes reactions of the type R-CH2OH + A → R-CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor ...
... Involves movement of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. Ex., alcohol dehydrogen-ase catalyzes reactions of the type R-CH2OH + A → R-CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor ...
Proton Translocation Coupled to Electron Transfer Reactions in
... the protein porin. Porin contains a relatively large internal channel that makes the outer membrane permeable to all kinds of molecules up to 1 500 Daltons. In contrast, the inner membrane is impermeable to any water-soluble molecules and ions, and transport of molecules through this membrane is car ...
... the protein porin. Porin contains a relatively large internal channel that makes the outer membrane permeable to all kinds of molecules up to 1 500 Daltons. In contrast, the inner membrane is impermeable to any water-soluble molecules and ions, and transport of molecules through this membrane is car ...
COURSE DETAILS: E INTRODUCTION Metabolism can be defined
... Fatty acids are activated by an enzyme, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase to produce fatty acyl-CoA, a reaction that occurs in the cytoplasm. The β-oxidation of fatty acid occurs inside the mitochondrion. Therefore, the fatty acyl-CoA has to traverse the mitochondrial membranes. The inner mitochondrial memb ...
... Fatty acids are activated by an enzyme, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase to produce fatty acyl-CoA, a reaction that occurs in the cytoplasm. The β-oxidation of fatty acid occurs inside the mitochondrion. Therefore, the fatty acyl-CoA has to traverse the mitochondrial membranes. The inner mitochondrial memb ...
glucose
... phosphoenolpyruvate formation • Carboxylation of pyruvate is located in mitochondrial matrix – at the same time it can serve as anaplerotic reaction of citric acid cycle (se lecture citric acid cycle) • Oxaloacetate cannot be transported across mitochondrial membrane – it must be transported in form ...
... phosphoenolpyruvate formation • Carboxylation of pyruvate is located in mitochondrial matrix – at the same time it can serve as anaplerotic reaction of citric acid cycle (se lecture citric acid cycle) • Oxaloacetate cannot be transported across mitochondrial membrane – it must be transported in form ...
ATP-binding site as a further application of neural network
... is not determined by their acidic nature- in which they are similar- but other structural or chemical considerations may be at play. 5. Other hydrophobic residues such as Ile, Leu, Pro, Gln, and Thr show almost similar propensities in most ligands except Asn, which shows N-linked contacts with sugar ...
... is not determined by their acidic nature- in which they are similar- but other structural or chemical considerations may be at play. 5. Other hydrophobic residues such as Ile, Leu, Pro, Gln, and Thr show almost similar propensities in most ligands except Asn, which shows N-linked contacts with sugar ...
Protein structure and function
... 1. Disulfide bonds: A disulfide bond is a covalent linkage formed from the sulfhydryl group (– SH) of each of two cysteine residues, to produce a cystine residue (Figure 2.9).. A disulfide bond contributes to the stability of the three-dimensional shape of the protein molecule, and prevents it from ...
... 1. Disulfide bonds: A disulfide bond is a covalent linkage formed from the sulfhydryl group (– SH) of each of two cysteine residues, to produce a cystine residue (Figure 2.9).. A disulfide bond contributes to the stability of the three-dimensional shape of the protein molecule, and prevents it from ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.