Protein structure and function
... 1. Disulfide bonds: A disulfide bond is a covalent linkage formed from the sulfhydryl group (– SH) of each of two cysteine residues, to produce a cystine residue (Figure 2.9).. A disulfide bond contributes to the stability of the three-dimensional shape of the protein molecule, and prevents it from ...
... 1. Disulfide bonds: A disulfide bond is a covalent linkage formed from the sulfhydryl group (– SH) of each of two cysteine residues, to produce a cystine residue (Figure 2.9).. A disulfide bond contributes to the stability of the three-dimensional shape of the protein molecule, and prevents it from ...
purine
... • Hydrolyzing a phosphate from ATP is relatively easy G°’= -30.5 kJ/mol – If exergonic reaction released energy into cell as heat energy, wouldn’t be useful – Must be coupled to an endergonic reaction ...
... • Hydrolyzing a phosphate from ATP is relatively easy G°’= -30.5 kJ/mol – If exergonic reaction released energy into cell as heat energy, wouldn’t be useful – Must be coupled to an endergonic reaction ...
part_4_cellular_respiration_stations
... requires oxygen to release ATP energy from food. Most organisms such as animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) use aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires six molecules of oxygen and 1 glucose molecule, a type of carbohydrate or sugar. For just 1 glucose molecule, aerobic respirati ...
... requires oxygen to release ATP energy from food. Most organisms such as animals (heterotrophs) and plants (autotrophs) use aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires six molecules of oxygen and 1 glucose molecule, a type of carbohydrate or sugar. For just 1 glucose molecule, aerobic respirati ...
Chapter 6 Enzymes
... kcat we often to use the term kcat to describe the limiting rate of a saturated enzyme For an enzyme that follows M-M kinetics, kcat = Vmax/[Et] = K2 for simple M-M kinetics It is a first order rate constant, so has unit of 1/t It is also called the turnover number because it tells you the number of ...
... kcat we often to use the term kcat to describe the limiting rate of a saturated enzyme For an enzyme that follows M-M kinetics, kcat = Vmax/[Et] = K2 for simple M-M kinetics It is a first order rate constant, so has unit of 1/t It is also called the turnover number because it tells you the number of ...
here - Sites@PSU
... Lactococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp. Leuconostoc sp. Pediococcus sp. Oenococcus sp. Streptococcus sp. Enterococcus sp. Sporolactobacillus sp. Carnobacterium sp. Aerococcus sp. Tetragenococcus sp. Vagococcus sp. Weisella sp. ...
... Lactococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp. Leuconostoc sp. Pediococcus sp. Oenococcus sp. Streptococcus sp. Enterococcus sp. Sporolactobacillus sp. Carnobacterium sp. Aerococcus sp. Tetragenococcus sp. Vagococcus sp. Weisella sp. ...
Pyruvate - Moodle NTOU
... including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 § The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly § It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 § The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly § It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Module Outline
... orbitals of the first two energy levels (pp. 26-28) Sketch a simplified diagrammatic representation of the atomic structure of any atom with an atomic number of 20 or less (p. 27) Distinguish between ionic, covalent, hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds, and give and draw an example of each (pp. 28-32) ...
... orbitals of the first two energy levels (pp. 26-28) Sketch a simplified diagrammatic representation of the atomic structure of any atom with an atomic number of 20 or less (p. 27) Distinguish between ionic, covalent, hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds, and give and draw an example of each (pp. 28-32) ...
Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids
... subsequently reduced by HMG-CoA reductase in two coupled reactions that form mevalonic acid. ...
... subsequently reduced by HMG-CoA reductase in two coupled reactions that form mevalonic acid. ...
Pinar Tulay membrane_17
... phospholipids can diffuse laterally. Membrane fluidity is dependent on the lipid composition of the membrane and on temperature. Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer; peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface. Different patterns of membrane proteins gi ...
... phospholipids can diffuse laterally. Membrane fluidity is dependent on the lipid composition of the membrane and on temperature. Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer; peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface. Different patterns of membrane proteins gi ...
O - VCU
... idiot would invent such a nonintuitive system?!?!? I wonder if you could give some insight as to why my experiment failed. ...
... idiot would invent such a nonintuitive system?!?!? I wonder if you could give some insight as to why my experiment failed. ...
Martin R. Larsen Rio..
... Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. T1D: Absolute insulin deficiency due to an autoimmune associated destruction of the ...
... Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. T1D: Absolute insulin deficiency due to an autoimmune associated destruction of the ...
Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151
... The structure of carbohydrates • A carbohydrate is a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for ...
... The structure of carbohydrates • A carbohydrate is a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for ...
How metabolites modulate metabolic flux
... can have a much higher impact than allosteric effectors. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as key regulator of metabolism in response to changing ATP/ AMP ratios. If the cellular energy load is low, AMPK is active and can phosphorylate its targets. Activity of AMPK itself is regulated by ...
... can have a much higher impact than allosteric effectors. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as key regulator of metabolism in response to changing ATP/ AMP ratios. If the cellular energy load is low, AMPK is active and can phosphorylate its targets. Activity of AMPK itself is regulated by ...
free energy - HCC Learning Web
... – This recipient molecule is now phosphorylated (phosphorylated intermediate); it is more reactive (less stable) than the original unphosphorylated ...
... – This recipient molecule is now phosphorylated (phosphorylated intermediate); it is more reactive (less stable) than the original unphosphorylated ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... so that the tissue adapts gradually to the extra load. It follows therefore that overtraining is counterproductive because it depletes glycogen too much or causes the onset of acidosis too quickly Endurance Training Promotes cardiac growth. The maximum amount of blood pumped by the heart can be incr ...
... so that the tissue adapts gradually to the extra load. It follows therefore that overtraining is counterproductive because it depletes glycogen too much or causes the onset of acidosis too quickly Endurance Training Promotes cardiac growth. The maximum amount of blood pumped by the heart can be incr ...
Excitotoxicity in ASD
... • Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by glutamate and similar substances. This occurs when receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate such as the NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor are overactivated. Excitotoxins like NMDA and kainic aci ...
... • Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by glutamate and similar substances. This occurs when receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate such as the NMDA receptor and AMPA receptor are overactivated. Excitotoxins like NMDA and kainic aci ...
20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... process is carried out by separate enzymes rather than a complex of FA synthase type. (uses CoA instead of ACP as the acyl carrier) It is the main site for elongation of existing long chain FAs ...
... process is carried out by separate enzymes rather than a complex of FA synthase type. (uses CoA instead of ACP as the acyl carrier) It is the main site for elongation of existing long chain FAs ...
Consortium for Educational Communication Answer
... 2. What do you mean by activation energy? How does activation energy of catalyzed reactions differ from that of uncatalyzed reactions? Answer: Activation energies are energy barriers to chemical reactions. The difference between the energy levels of the ground states (substrates or products) and th ...
... 2. What do you mean by activation energy? How does activation energy of catalyzed reactions differ from that of uncatalyzed reactions? Answer: Activation energies are energy barriers to chemical reactions. The difference between the energy levels of the ground states (substrates or products) and th ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... in the smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum There are 4 fatty acyl desaturase enzymes in mammals designated 9 , 6, 5, and 4 fatty acyl-CoA desaturase Mammals cannot incorporate a double bond beyond 9; plants can. Mammals can synthesize long chain unsaturated fatty acids using desaturat ...
... in the smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum There are 4 fatty acyl desaturase enzymes in mammals designated 9 , 6, 5, and 4 fatty acyl-CoA desaturase Mammals cannot incorporate a double bond beyond 9; plants can. Mammals can synthesize long chain unsaturated fatty acids using desaturat ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.