Degree of reduction
... DNA to other parts of the cell. These messages are read in the ribosome with the help of ribosomal RNA. Finally transfer RNA assists in the translation of the genetic code at the ribosome. ...
... DNA to other parts of the cell. These messages are read in the ribosome with the help of ribosomal RNA. Finally transfer RNA assists in the translation of the genetic code at the ribosome. ...
Metabolism & Enzymes
... required for most biological reactions _____________________________ thousands of different enzymes in cells ...
... required for most biological reactions _____________________________ thousands of different enzymes in cells ...
Balancing Reaction Equations Oxidation State Reduction
... An electron is transferred from H to O: the H2 is oxidized and the O2 is reduced We use the oxidation number (oxidation state) to keep track of electron shifts in chemical reactions: Oxidation: Loss of electrons from an element ….oxidation number increases Reduction: Gain of electrons by an element ...
... An electron is transferred from H to O: the H2 is oxidized and the O2 is reduced We use the oxidation number (oxidation state) to keep track of electron shifts in chemical reactions: Oxidation: Loss of electrons from an element ….oxidation number increases Reduction: Gain of electrons by an element ...
S1 Text Section A Annotation by structural analysis In case of aldose
... Flux balance analysis of the iAS142 network identifies a subset of tightly coupled reactions that form part of glucose and non-essential amino acid metabolism, which is unique to iAS142 and not observed in other Trypanosomatid models. The subset that maximizes biomass under different carbon sources ...
... Flux balance analysis of the iAS142 network identifies a subset of tightly coupled reactions that form part of glucose and non-essential amino acid metabolism, which is unique to iAS142 and not observed in other Trypanosomatid models. The subset that maximizes biomass under different carbon sources ...
5. Respiration Booklet TN
... IGNORE ‘heart doesn’t beat strongly enough’ or ‘heart beat is inefficient’ IGNORE ref to volume of blood without time/rate (2) less/irregular amount of, oxygen (reaching cells) for, (aerobic) respiration/oxidative phosphorylation; DO NO CREDIT no oxygen/no respiration (3) less glucose (reaching cell ...
... IGNORE ‘heart doesn’t beat strongly enough’ or ‘heart beat is inefficient’ IGNORE ref to volume of blood without time/rate (2) less/irregular amount of, oxygen (reaching cells) for, (aerobic) respiration/oxidative phosphorylation; DO NO CREDIT no oxygen/no respiration (3) less glucose (reaching cell ...
Protein synthesis in the Liver and the Urea Cycle
... In this overview we can see how the amino acid pool is added to from dietary protein and how the intracellular proteins circlulate these free amino acids in a continuous cycle of synthesis and breakdown. Excess amino acids are metabolised (not stored for use as potential energy because this can be d ...
... In this overview we can see how the amino acid pool is added to from dietary protein and how the intracellular proteins circlulate these free amino acids in a continuous cycle of synthesis and breakdown. Excess amino acids are metabolised (not stored for use as potential energy because this can be d ...
Structure and Properties of Hemoglobin Learning Objectives What
... Hemoglobin has a relatively hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic interior. Polar amino acids are located almost exclusively on the exterior surface of globin polypeptide chain while the hydrophobic amino acids are buried within the interior. ...
... Hemoglobin has a relatively hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic interior. Polar amino acids are located almost exclusively on the exterior surface of globin polypeptide chain while the hydrophobic amino acids are buried within the interior. ...
Chapter 20
... How do you identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in a redox reaction? The species reduced is the oxidizing agent. The species oxidized is the reducing agent. ...
... How do you identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in a redox reaction? The species reduced is the oxidizing agent. The species oxidized is the reducing agent. ...
Biochemical methods of conversion
... energy, which is stored in the form of ATP. The release of energy from ATP for various purposes results in the generation of ADP, which can again absorb energy to form ATP. In addition to the carbon source, micro-organisms, particularly bacteria, require other nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus ...
... energy, which is stored in the form of ATP. The release of energy from ATP for various purposes results in the generation of ADP, which can again absorb energy to form ATP. In addition to the carbon source, micro-organisms, particularly bacteria, require other nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus ...
Macromolecules of Life – Lecture 1
... The complex process of changing one type of macromolecule into another is very complex with any one able to change into the other, through many steps and much energy input. ...
... The complex process of changing one type of macromolecule into another is very complex with any one able to change into the other, through many steps and much energy input. ...
Amino Acid Catabolism
... • 3-phosphoglycerate Serine • Serine is the building block for two amino acids that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions – Glycine – cysteine ...
... • 3-phosphoglycerate Serine • Serine is the building block for two amino acids that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions – Glycine – cysteine ...
General acid-base catalysis
... • The consumption of binding energy in such processes will help lower the ΔG ‡ , thus increasing the reaction rate. ...
... • The consumption of binding energy in such processes will help lower the ΔG ‡ , thus increasing the reaction rate. ...
Metabolic Engineering for Fuels and Chemicals
... (Mixed acid, ethanol, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, glutamate, succinate, alanine, citrate) ¾ATP/ADP? ...
... (Mixed acid, ethanol, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, glutamate, succinate, alanine, citrate) ¾ATP/ADP? ...
CHAPTER 16 - CITRIC ACID CYCLE Introduction:
... tight regulation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA as well as the citric acid cycle itself. - Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex occurs mechanistically by product inhibition and covalent modification. NADH and acetyl CoA as products thus compete for binding sites on E2 and E3. Since NADH is al ...
... tight regulation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA as well as the citric acid cycle itself. - Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex occurs mechanistically by product inhibition and covalent modification. NADH and acetyl CoA as products thus compete for binding sites on E2 and E3. Since NADH is al ...
NUCLEOTIDES METABOLISM Nucleotide
... XO in liver, intestines (and milk) can oxidize hypoxanthine (twice) to uric acid Humans and other primates excrete uric acid in the urine, but most N goes out as urea Birds, reptiles and insects excrete uric acid and for them it is the major nitrogen excretory compound Gout occurs from accumulation ...
... XO in liver, intestines (and milk) can oxidize hypoxanthine (twice) to uric acid Humans and other primates excrete uric acid in the urine, but most N goes out as urea Birds, reptiles and insects excrete uric acid and for them it is the major nitrogen excretory compound Gout occurs from accumulation ...
1 - Academics
... a) Electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of a combined atom to attract a shared pair of electrons to itself; elements in the upper right hand side of the periodic table tend to be more electronegative because they have fewer inner core electrons shielding shared valence electrons from the ...
... a) Electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of a combined atom to attract a shared pair of electrons to itself; elements in the upper right hand side of the periodic table tend to be more electronegative because they have fewer inner core electrons shielding shared valence electrons from the ...
MS PowerPoint - Catalysis Eprints database
... • Ionic interactions between an enzyme-bound metal and a substrate help orient the substrate for reaction or stabilize charged reaction transition states. • Metals also mediate oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible changes in the metal ion’s oxidation state. • For example – in hemoglobin Fe in ...
... • Ionic interactions between an enzyme-bound metal and a substrate help orient the substrate for reaction or stabilize charged reaction transition states. • Metals also mediate oxidation-reduction reactions by reversible changes in the metal ion’s oxidation state. • For example – in hemoglobin Fe in ...
Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis
... chain. Ubiquinone (Q) shuttles electrons from both complexes I and II to complex III, whereas cytochrome c (C) shuttles electrons from complex III to complex IV. Molecular oxygen (O2) is the terminal electron acceptor. Protons are pumped out by complexes I, III and IV of the electron transport chain ...
... chain. Ubiquinone (Q) shuttles electrons from both complexes I and II to complex III, whereas cytochrome c (C) shuttles electrons from complex III to complex IV. Molecular oxygen (O2) is the terminal electron acceptor. Protons are pumped out by complexes I, III and IV of the electron transport chain ...
Trans-Tonoplast Transport of the Sulfur Containing
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
Amino Acid Synthesis
... • 3‐phosphoglycerate Serine • Serine is the building block for two amino acids that are involved in one‐carbon transfer reactions – Glycine – cysteine ...
... • 3‐phosphoglycerate Serine • Serine is the building block for two amino acids that are involved in one‐carbon transfer reactions – Glycine – cysteine ...
pbl – night starvation - UQMBBS-2013
... (b) State whether energy stores in these organs can be used to maintain blood glucose concentrations during fasting, and if not, explain why (3 marks) Liver glycogen can be degraded into glucose and released into the blood to maintain BGL. Muscle glycogen is broken down the glucose but cannot exit ...
... (b) State whether energy stores in these organs can be used to maintain blood glucose concentrations during fasting, and if not, explain why (3 marks) Liver glycogen can be degraded into glucose and released into the blood to maintain BGL. Muscle glycogen is broken down the glucose but cannot exit ...
Document
... Addition of heparin makes it easier for thrombin to interact with antithrombin - positive allosteric effect. ...
... Addition of heparin makes it easier for thrombin to interact with antithrombin - positive allosteric effect. ...
Chapter 6. Metabolism & Enzymes
... as substrate binds, enzyme changes shape leading to a tighter fit ...
... as substrate binds, enzyme changes shape leading to a tighter fit ...
Enzymes - Capital High School
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
... reactant which binds to enzyme enzyme-substrate complex: temporary association ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.