Download Macromolecules of Life – Lecture 1

Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
Macromolecules of Life – Lecture 1
All Life is composed of Four Basic Molecules:
A. With different combinations these molecules combine to create the complex life forms we see.
As humans we get the molecules we need from the food we eat.
Macromolecule
Examples
Monomers
Jobs

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Saccharides
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
B. Structural Formulas – Look at Homework packet week 1
C. . Macromolecule Summary
In the Table below: Write Yes or No
GLYCEROL
FATTY ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS
SACCHARIDES
Carbon
Present
Hydrogen
Present
Oxygen
Present
Nitrogen
Present
2(H):1(O)
Carboxyl
Group
Amino Group
Found in Fats
Found in
Proteins
Found in
Carbohydrates
How do we get smaller molecules from the larger molecules we eat?
A. Hydrolysis Reaction
B. Dehydration Synthesis
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
Nutrient Cycle Part I
Obtaining Nutrients Lecture
A. Autotrophs
a. Are also called
b. Examples –
c. Autrotrophs need –
B. Heterotrophs
a. Are also called
b. Examples –
c. Heterotrophs need:
C. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
a. Photosynthesis uses light energy to construct simple sugars.
Occurs in the ______________ of plants!!
i. The requirements for photosynthesis:
+
+
b. How do plants do this?
Photon of light ________________________________________________________________
The excited (energized) molecule can ___________________________________________________
or release it in the form of light or heat.
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
___________________________are disk-like structures stacked together in larger structures.
Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are located in the membranes of the thylakoids.
Light reactions -
Chlorophyll in plants absorb light most efficiently
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Photosynthesis/photosyn.htm
Dark reactions –
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
Notice how the equation for photosynthesis relates to the reactions shown in the diagram below.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ® C6H12O6 + 6O2
c. Cellular Respiration
i. The process in the __________________ where simple sugars are “burned” to
produce energy (in the form of ATP). Occurs in PLANTS AND ANIMALS!
ii. Simple formula for Cellular Respiration:
ADP + PI
+
ATP (Energy)
Enzymes
+
iii. Mitochondria supply all of the usable energy for Plants
(autotrophs) and Animals (heterotrophs)
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
Nutrient Cycle Part II
Leaf Structure
Or How Autotrophs capture nutrients
A. Leaf Diagram
a. Cuticle
b. Epidermis
c. Palisade Layer
d. Stomata
e. Spongy Layer
f. Guard Cells
g. Vein
i. Xylem
ii. Phloem
h. Chloroplasts
i. Chlorophyll
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
B. Remember, Autotrophs make their own organic nutrients (simple sugars). How do plants do
this?
a. Enzymes speed the necessary chemical reactions and give organisms the ability to
control how much, where, and when these reactions occur.
b. Glucose is coupled together into starch in the roots of plants for storage.
c. The enzyme for this reaction is called: __________________
d. The chemical reaction that occurs is a Dehydration Synthesis, draw the structures of two
glucose molecules being joined to create a disaccharide (see Lecture page one):
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
Nutrient Cycle Part III
Digestive System Lecture
Or How Heterotrophs capture nutrients
A. Label the Human Digestive System, we will use humans as a model for how Heterotrophs
obtain nutrients
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
B. Function of Digestive Components
Part Name
Function
A
Salivary
a.
Glands
b.
B
Tongue
a.
b.
c.
C
Trachea
a.
b.
D
Esophagus
E
Liver
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
F
G
Gall
Bladder
Stomach
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
H
Bile Duct
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
I
Duodenum
J
Pancreas
a.
b.
K
L
Pancreas
Duct
Small
Intestine
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
M
Appendix
N
Large
Intestine
a.
b.
O
Rectum
P
Anus
C. Digestive Processes
Process
Explanation
Ingestion
Dot Color
Blue
Peristalsis
Yellow
Absorption
Green
Storage
Red
Elimination
Brown
Mechanical
Digestion
Chemical
Digestion
Orange
Purple
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
D. Types of Food (Think Macromolecules)
Food Type
% Diet
Fats
<30%
Purpose
Digestive End
Product
Carbohydrates 55%
Proteins
>15%
E. What happens to the Digestive End Products (listed above)
a. For Fats 
b. For Carbohydrates 
c. For Proteins 
d. Remember organisms are very efficiently adapted to providing the nutrients they need.
The complex process of changing one type of macromolecule into another is very
complex with any one able to change into the other, through many steps and much
energy input.
F. To speed Digestion organisms use chemicals and enzymes
a. Acids
i. __________
ii. __________
b. Bile
i. __________
ii. __________
c. Enzymes – each enzyme (made of protein) is regulated, with a special “job”
i. Jobs include
ii. Operate by “Lock and Key” approach
iii. Hydrolysis – (Breaking down polysaccharides to create simple sugars)
iv. Dehydration – removal of water to create complex compounds
ENZYMES
Enzymes – Also called biological catalysts (Catalysts speed up chemical reactions)
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
How do they work?
The exact location on the enzyme where substrate binding takes place is called the
_________________ of the enzyme.
The shape of the active site just fits the shape of the substrate, somewhat like a lock fits a key.
In this way only the correct substrate binds to the enzyme
http://www.efhealing.com/images/enzymes.jpg
G. A Few Specific Digestive Enzymes
Enzyme Made
Acts
Purpose
Here
Here
Amylase
Pepsin
Rennin
Lipase
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
H. Enzymatic Digestion of food types (Macromolecules)
a. Name the chemical process used by these enzymes to help digest fats, carbohydrates,
and proteins:
b. Refer to diagrams of Macromolecules to fill in the chart below. Use circled numbers to
indicate locations of hydrolysis.
Enzyme Location where Hydrolysis Occurs
Number of
Digestive End Product
H2O Used
Amylase
Pepsin
Rennin
Lipase
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
I. Dietary Recommendations
2000 Cal Diet
2500 Cal Diet
< 30% Total Fat
Sat. Fat
Poly
Mono
65 g
20 g
22 g
23 g
80 g
25 g
27 g
28 g
Cholesterol
Salt
Carbohydrates
Dietary Fiber
300 mg
2400 mg
300 g
25 g
300 mg
2400 mg
375 g
03 g
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Biology – Nutrient Cycles – Swenson 08
Nutrient Cycle Part IV
Summary
A. How do autotrophs and heterotrophs get the substances they need?
Autotroph’s source
Substance
Heterotroph’s Source
CO2
Minerals
H2O
Simple sugars
O2
Energy (ATP)
Amino Acids & Proteins
Vitamins
Starch
Lipids (fats)
Cellulose
B. How do autotrophs and heterotrophs get the substances they need?
Summary Statement:
C. What happens to plants and animals if they don’t get the vitamins and minerals they need. See
the mineral and vitamin charts and record what happens when the following organisms do not
have adequate levels of each nutrient:
g. Animals –Calcium
a. Plants – Nitrogen
h. Animals –Iron
b. Plants – Sulfur
i. Animals –Chlorine
c. Plants – Iron
j. Animals - Vitamin B1
d. Plants –Copper
k. Animals –Biotin
e. Plants - Calcium
l. Animals – Vitamin D
f. Animals – Potassium
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