AMP-activated protein kinase and metabolic control - HAL
... guidelines recommend practical, regular and moderate regimens of physical activity. The multiple metabolic adaptations that occur in response to physical activity can improve glycaemic control for individuals with T2D or delay the onset of the disease. Indeed, it is now recognized that beneficial ef ...
... guidelines recommend practical, regular and moderate regimens of physical activity. The multiple metabolic adaptations that occur in response to physical activity can improve glycaemic control for individuals with T2D or delay the onset of the disease. Indeed, it is now recognized that beneficial ef ...
The Metabolism of Acetate by the Blue-green Algae
... of Dr M. B. Allen through the courtesy of Dr A. A. Horton, Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham; Chlorogloea fritschii from Professor G. E. Fogg, Department of Botany, Westfield College, University of London, London. All organisms were maintained on agar (2%) slopes of the mineral sa ...
... of Dr M. B. Allen through the courtesy of Dr A. A. Horton, Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham; Chlorogloea fritschii from Professor G. E. Fogg, Department of Botany, Westfield College, University of London, London. All organisms were maintained on agar (2%) slopes of the mineral sa ...
Fructose: Metabolic, Hedonic, and Societal
... conundrum; to the point where some have called into question its very existence (31). One reason for this puzzle is the phenomenon of “selective hepatic insulin resistance” seen in the metabolic syndrome (32). Insulin normally exerts its effects on liver metabolism through two primary metabolic path ...
... conundrum; to the point where some have called into question its very existence (31). One reason for this puzzle is the phenomenon of “selective hepatic insulin resistance” seen in the metabolic syndrome (32). Insulin normally exerts its effects on liver metabolism through two primary metabolic path ...
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... tissue, but also in the liver, muscle, heart and pancreas. This pathway is used to maintain and control energy homeostasis by a continuous communication between oxidative tissues and peripheral organs, in particular adipose tissue. The process of fatty acid esterification into TAG involves the activ ...
... tissue, but also in the liver, muscle, heart and pancreas. This pathway is used to maintain and control energy homeostasis by a continuous communication between oxidative tissues and peripheral organs, in particular adipose tissue. The process of fatty acid esterification into TAG involves the activ ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
... inorganic phosphate and produces glucose 1phosphate. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. • Branch points are cleaved by a hydrolytic reaction that produces free glucose and is catalyzed by glycogen debranching enzyme. This enzyme also has a transferase activity that can t ...
... inorganic phosphate and produces glucose 1phosphate. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. • Branch points are cleaved by a hydrolytic reaction that produces free glucose and is catalyzed by glycogen debranching enzyme. This enzyme also has a transferase activity that can t ...
1. Sources of cholesterol • diet ~ 30 % • biosynthesis ~ 70% 2. Types
... cytoplasm and on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. c. The rate determining step is the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalovate. The step is catalyzed by HMG CoA reductase. ...
... cytoplasm and on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. c. The rate determining step is the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalovate. The step is catalyzed by HMG CoA reductase. ...
Role of adiponectin in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid
... necessary for adiponectin effects on fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells (27, 31, 35). AMPK activation triggers many metabolic changes that act to restore energy balance in muscle cells, such as increased glucose uptake and metabolism, and increased oxidation of fatty acids (36). Regulatio ...
... necessary for adiponectin effects on fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells (27, 31, 35). AMPK activation triggers many metabolic changes that act to restore energy balance in muscle cells, such as increased glucose uptake and metabolism, and increased oxidation of fatty acids (36). Regulatio ...
What is an enzyme? Func
... EC numbers • EC numbers are four digits, for example a.b.c.d, where “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the sub-‐subclass, and “d” is the sub-‐sub-‐subclass. The “b” and “c” digits de ...
... EC numbers • EC numbers are four digits, for example a.b.c.d, where “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the sub-‐subclass, and “d” is the sub-‐sub-‐subclass. The “b” and “c” digits de ...
6 PUFA - SENS Research Foundation
... -Inactivates glutathione peroxidase (inhibits glutathione recycling) ...
... -Inactivates glutathione peroxidase (inhibits glutathione recycling) ...
Dietary Branched-chain Amino Acids Suppress the Expression of
... period to pancreatic amylase activity cannot be determined due to large variation in insulin levels (data not shown). Because exogenous insulin10–12) and endogenous insulin from transplanted B cells13) restored amylase mRNA levels to a great extent in diabetic rats, insulin is probably important for ...
... period to pancreatic amylase activity cannot be determined due to large variation in insulin levels (data not shown). Because exogenous insulin10–12) and endogenous insulin from transplanted B cells13) restored amylase mRNA levels to a great extent in diabetic rats, insulin is probably important for ...
A New Cell Secreting Insulin
... To obtain the 5⬘ untranslated region (UTR) of the insulin gene, the 5⬘ RACE technique was used. Rat adipocyte RNA was isolated as described above and used for 5⬘ RACE of the insulin gene using the Life Technologies, Inc. kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. The genespecific primers used fo ...
... To obtain the 5⬘ untranslated region (UTR) of the insulin gene, the 5⬘ RACE technique was used. Rat adipocyte RNA was isolated as described above and used for 5⬘ RACE of the insulin gene using the Life Technologies, Inc. kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. The genespecific primers used fo ...
Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP
... many protein amino acids, and likely associated PTMs, are not conserved and apparently not critical for enzyme function. Thus PTMs on these amino acids, and even on some that are conserved, will likely not influence function if they are not in a critical region of the enzyme. In addition, the actual ...
... many protein amino acids, and likely associated PTMs, are not conserved and apparently not critical for enzyme function. Thus PTMs on these amino acids, and even on some that are conserved, will likely not influence function if they are not in a critical region of the enzyme. In addition, the actual ...
In vivo analysis of straight-chain and branched
... with the catabolism of leucine to 3-methylbutyrylCoA, which is utilized as a starter unit for the biosynthesis of odd-numbered fatty acids containing a branch at the o-1 carbon (Fig. 1). As shown in Table 3, addition of perdeuterated valine (200-250 mM) resulted in efficient isotopic labeling of the ...
... with the catabolism of leucine to 3-methylbutyrylCoA, which is utilized as a starter unit for the biosynthesis of odd-numbered fatty acids containing a branch at the o-1 carbon (Fig. 1). As shown in Table 3, addition of perdeuterated valine (200-250 mM) resulted in efficient isotopic labeling of the ...
Analgetika kuat, Schunack
... analgesia. Some research suggests that they may also be related to seizures. The endogenous ligands for the δ receptor are the enkephalins. Until quite recently, there were few pharmacological tools for the study of δ receptors. As a consequence, our understanding of their function is much more li ...
... analgesia. Some research suggests that they may also be related to seizures. The endogenous ligands for the δ receptor are the enkephalins. Until quite recently, there were few pharmacological tools for the study of δ receptors. As a consequence, our understanding of their function is much more li ...
HEMAGGLUTINATION BY PURIFIED TYPE I ESCHERICHIA
... Pilated and nonpilated bacterial variants were used in these earlier HA studies, but this approach does not permit detailed analysis. Purified pili must be used to prove conclusively that mannose-sensitive HA is caused by pili and to investigate further the characteristics of such binding. An outlin ...
... Pilated and nonpilated bacterial variants were used in these earlier HA studies, but this approach does not permit detailed analysis. Purified pili must be used to prove conclusively that mannose-sensitive HA is caused by pili and to investigate further the characteristics of such binding. An outlin ...
Placental Transporters Relevant to Drug Distribution across the
... fetus is also of serious health concern. One of the pivotal functions of the placenta is to provide essential nutrients to the developing fetus from the mother, but it is generally assumed that the placental barrier protects the fetus by restricting the passage of harmful chemicals. Unfortunately, t ...
... fetus is also of serious health concern. One of the pivotal functions of the placenta is to provide essential nutrients to the developing fetus from the mother, but it is generally assumed that the placental barrier protects the fetus by restricting the passage of harmful chemicals. Unfortunately, t ...
The malonyl CoA axis as a potential target for treating ischaemic
... The production of malonyl CoA is primarily attributed to the enzymatic activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), which catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA (Figure 1).18,19 There are two isoforms of ACC in the heart, a and b, with a predominance of ACCb.19 This leads to the sugge ...
... The production of malonyl CoA is primarily attributed to the enzymatic activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), which catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA (Figure 1).18,19 There are two isoforms of ACC in the heart, a and b, with a predominance of ACCb.19 This leads to the sugge ...
Role of changes in cardiac metabolism in development - AJP
... overexpression of CD36 or FATP has been found to dramatically increase FA metabolism (47, 113), these FA transporters are believed to play a key role in FA delivery to the cardiac tissue. Regulation of FA transport proteins occurs through different mechanisms. In severe STZ-induced diabetes, express ...
... overexpression of CD36 or FATP has been found to dramatically increase FA metabolism (47, 113), these FA transporters are believed to play a key role in FA delivery to the cardiac tissue. Regulation of FA transport proteins occurs through different mechanisms. In severe STZ-induced diabetes, express ...
Regulation of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase and
... o f MgATP [22] at the expense o f free A T P (Fig. 4). The relatively small secondary stim u latio n o f acetylCoA synthetase and carboxylase, found at h ig h er M g2+ concentrations ( ^ 1 m M ) , w hen th e A T P con centration for com plexation w ith Mg is lim ited , can be ascribed to free M g2+ ...
... o f MgATP [22] at the expense o f free A T P (Fig. 4). The relatively small secondary stim u latio n o f acetylCoA synthetase and carboxylase, found at h ig h er M g2+ concentrations ( ^ 1 m M ) , w hen th e A T P con centration for com plexation w ith Mg is lim ited , can be ascribed to free M g2+ ...
Regulation of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase and Acetyl
... o f MgATP [22] at the expense o f free A T P (Fig. 4). The relatively small secondary stim u latio n o f acetylCoA synthetase and carboxylase, found at h ig h er M g2+ concentrations ( ^ 1 m M ) , w hen th e A T P con centration for com plexation w ith Mg is lim ited , can be ascribed to free M g2+ ...
... o f MgATP [22] at the expense o f free A T P (Fig. 4). The relatively small secondary stim u latio n o f acetylCoA synthetase and carboxylase, found at h ig h er M g2+ concentrations ( ^ 1 m M ) , w hen th e A T P con centration for com plexation w ith Mg is lim ited , can be ascribed to free M g2+ ...
The relevance of carbon dioxide metabolism in
... DcarB. The DcarB gene was obtained by PCR, as previously described (Arioli et al., 2007; Mora et al., 2004). Briefly, DNA fragments located upstream and downstream of the 1687 bp deletion were independently amplified using CarB1–CarB2 and CarB3–CarB4 primer pairs (CarB1, 59-CTATTATCATTGGTCAGGCT-39; ...
... DcarB. The DcarB gene was obtained by PCR, as previously described (Arioli et al., 2007; Mora et al., 2004). Briefly, DNA fragments located upstream and downstream of the 1687 bp deletion were independently amplified using CarB1–CarB2 and CarB3–CarB4 primer pairs (CarB1, 59-CTATTATCATTGGTCAGGCT-39; ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... Once acetyl KSase and malonyl ACP have been formed, elongation can begin. First the acetyl group of acetyl ACP is transferred to a sulfhydryl residue of ketoacyl-ACP synthase also known as acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme. The decarboxylation of malonyl ACP generates an enolate anion which is a g ...
... Once acetyl KSase and malonyl ACP have been formed, elongation can begin. First the acetyl group of acetyl ACP is transferred to a sulfhydryl residue of ketoacyl-ACP synthase also known as acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme. The decarboxylation of malonyl ACP generates an enolate anion which is a g ...
Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Fatty Acid
... acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, all FAD-linked, which donate their electrons to the respiratory chain, thus generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In peroxisomes, however, the acyl-CoA oxidases—which are also FAD linked—donate their electrons directly to molecular oxygen to produce H 2 O 2 which is subse ...
... acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, all FAD-linked, which donate their electrons to the respiratory chain, thus generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In peroxisomes, however, the acyl-CoA oxidases—which are also FAD linked—donate their electrons directly to molecular oxygen to produce H 2 O 2 which is subse ...
Isolation and Fractionation 2
... sediment to the bottom of the tube whilst the less dense lysosomes rise to the interface of the 14.3% and 34.5% sucrose. The lysosomal layer can be removed, harvested by further centrifugation and then resuspended in iso-osmotic 0.25 M sucrose. Conversely lysosomes can be made more dense by injectin ...
... sediment to the bottom of the tube whilst the less dense lysosomes rise to the interface of the 14.3% and 34.5% sucrose. The lysosomal layer can be removed, harvested by further centrifugation and then resuspended in iso-osmotic 0.25 M sucrose. Conversely lysosomes can be made more dense by injectin ...
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis.) One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized ""on demand"" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.