Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life I
... which has a free energy higher than that of the initial reactants. Figure 6-1a shows the activation energy required for molecules of ATP and H2O to reach their transition state. ∆G°¿ measures the difference in free energy between reactants and products (-7.3 kcal/mol for this particular reaction), w ...
... which has a free energy higher than that of the initial reactants. Figure 6-1a shows the activation energy required for molecules of ATP and H2O to reach their transition state. ∆G°¿ measures the difference in free energy between reactants and products (-7.3 kcal/mol for this particular reaction), w ...
and Functions of y-Aminobutyric Acid
... GABA is a four-C, nonprotein amino acid found in virtually all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as a significant component of the free amino acid pool. In higher plants GABA is synthesized primarily through the H+consuming a-decarboxylation of L-glutamate (L-Glu) in a reaction (L-Glu + H + -+ GA ...
... GABA is a four-C, nonprotein amino acid found in virtually all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as a significant component of the free amino acid pool. In higher plants GABA is synthesized primarily through the H+consuming a-decarboxylation of L-glutamate (L-Glu) in a reaction (L-Glu + H + -+ GA ...
Characteristics of Phenylacrylic Acid Decarboxylase
... million novel proteins, known only as open reading frames encoded in genomic DNA5. These proteins will be the design parts of many future biological systems, enabling sustainable solutions to many of society’s problems. However, enz ...
... million novel proteins, known only as open reading frames encoded in genomic DNA5. These proteins will be the design parts of many future biological systems, enabling sustainable solutions to many of society’s problems. However, enz ...
Glutathione as an endogenous sulphur source in the
... amino acids (Jaspers et al., 1985). The physiological role of yeast transpeptidation reactions is not well understood. y-GT and GSH were initially thought to be involved in the bulk absorption of amino acids by S. cerevisiae, but these claims have been contradicted (Robins & Davies, 1981; Jaspers & ...
... amino acids (Jaspers et al., 1985). The physiological role of yeast transpeptidation reactions is not well understood. y-GT and GSH were initially thought to be involved in the bulk absorption of amino acids by S. cerevisiae, but these claims have been contradicted (Robins & Davies, 1981; Jaspers & ...
Shigella boydii Involved in O-antigen Synthesis By
... 3.3.1 Donor substrate specificity .........................................................................- 58 3.3.2 Role of pyrophosphate in acceptor substrate specificity ..............................- 60 3.3.3 Screening of compounds as potential inhibitors ..................................... ...
... 3.3.1 Donor substrate specificity .........................................................................- 58 3.3.2 Role of pyrophosphate in acceptor substrate specificity ..............................- 60 3.3.3 Screening of compounds as potential inhibitors ..................................... ...
Novel targets for tuberculosis drug discovery
... M. avium identified a gene cluster that conferred resistance to this antibiotic when overexpressed [5]. Further studies showed that the products of this gene cluster — EmbA, EmbB and EmbC — are involved in the formation of the terminal hexaarabinofuranoside portion of arabinogalactan, where mycolic ...
... M. avium identified a gene cluster that conferred resistance to this antibiotic when overexpressed [5]. Further studies showed that the products of this gene cluster — EmbA, EmbB and EmbC — are involved in the formation of the terminal hexaarabinofuranoside portion of arabinogalactan, where mycolic ...
Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine
... form PLP. The forms of vitamin B6 found in food are converted to active forms in the liver. Zinc, riboflavin, and niacin are necessary for this process. Fasting and reducing diets usually deplete the vitamin B6 supply unless it is supplemented. Usually within 8 hours, much of the excess is excreted ...
... form PLP. The forms of vitamin B6 found in food are converted to active forms in the liver. Zinc, riboflavin, and niacin are necessary for this process. Fasting and reducing diets usually deplete the vitamin B6 supply unless it is supplemented. Usually within 8 hours, much of the excess is excreted ...
E. Coli MurG: A Paradigm for a Superfamily of
... β strands connected by α helices. The β strands form a twisted parallel sheet with the strand order reading 654123 [40]. As shown in the topology diagram (Fig. (3)) for MurG, both domains approximate a classic Rossmann fold and have high structural homology despite a lack of sequence identity. The R ...
... β strands connected by α helices. The β strands form a twisted parallel sheet with the strand order reading 654123 [40]. As shown in the topology diagram (Fig. (3)) for MurG, both domains approximate a classic Rossmann fold and have high structural homology despite a lack of sequence identity. The R ...
ATP regulation in bioproduction
... ATP-consuming pullulan biosynthesis and may increase pullulan excretion and acid tolerance [21]. Further, the intracellular ATP supply contributes to efficient ATP-consuming peptide production under acidic conditions [22]. For example, a high influx of lactic acid into a hybridoma cell line stimulat ...
... ATP-consuming pullulan biosynthesis and may increase pullulan excretion and acid tolerance [21]. Further, the intracellular ATP supply contributes to efficient ATP-consuming peptide production under acidic conditions [22]. For example, a high influx of lactic acid into a hybridoma cell line stimulat ...
ATP regulation in bioproduction
... ATP-consuming pullulan biosynthesis and may increase pullulan excretion and acid tolerance [21]. Further, the intracellular ATP supply contributes to efficient ATP-consuming peptide production under acidic conditions [22]. For example, a high influx of lactic acid into a hybridoma cell line stimulat ...
... ATP-consuming pullulan biosynthesis and may increase pullulan excretion and acid tolerance [21]. Further, the intracellular ATP supply contributes to efficient ATP-consuming peptide production under acidic conditions [22]. For example, a high influx of lactic acid into a hybridoma cell line stimulat ...
Module 3
... B. decrease excretion of urates C. effect on a genetic apparatus, stimulating the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides D. * contain a lot of nucleoproteins and nucleotides, which catabolism is accompanied with formation of uric acid E. stimulate transformation of urea to uric acid 66. Why the constant ...
... B. decrease excretion of urates C. effect on a genetic apparatus, stimulating the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides D. * contain a lot of nucleoproteins and nucleotides, which catabolism is accompanied with formation of uric acid E. stimulate transformation of urea to uric acid 66. Why the constant ...
PDF
... Insulin is; a polypeptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains (A chain: 21 amino acids; B chain 30 amino acids). The chains are connected to each other by disulfide linkage; those chains contain 51 amino acids with a molecular weight of 6,000. It is secreted by the β cells of the pancreas whe ...
... Insulin is; a polypeptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains (A chain: 21 amino acids; B chain 30 amino acids). The chains are connected to each other by disulfide linkage; those chains contain 51 amino acids with a molecular weight of 6,000. It is secreted by the β cells of the pancreas whe ...
Regulation of Translation by Essential Amino Acids and Glucose in
... Table 2. Antibodies used for primary incubation of bovine mammary and muscle proteins....... 34 Table 3. Primer sequences for qPCR in bovine mammary and muscle tissue............................. 36 Table 4. Performance of lactating dairy cows (n = 5) receiving abomasal infusions of EAA and GLC for ...
... Table 2. Antibodies used for primary incubation of bovine mammary and muscle proteins....... 34 Table 3. Primer sequences for qPCR in bovine mammary and muscle tissue............................. 36 Table 4. Performance of lactating dairy cows (n = 5) receiving abomasal infusions of EAA and GLC for ...
SODIUM-COUPLED TRANSPORTERS FOR KREBS CYCLE
... rat kidney. The Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporters are part of a distinct gene family that includes the renal and intestinal Na+/sulfate cotransporters. Other members of this family include a Na+- and Li+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Xenopus intestine and a putative Na+/dicarboxylate cotra ...
... rat kidney. The Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporters are part of a distinct gene family that includes the renal and intestinal Na+/sulfate cotransporters. Other members of this family include a Na+- and Li+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Xenopus intestine and a putative Na+/dicarboxylate cotra ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
... muscle forms of LDH are examples of isoenzymes detectable by such chemical properties. In fact, the demonstration of experimental data like that shown in figure 2 is an indication that such methods are applicable. These curves indicate at a glance the conditions of assay that will differentiate the ...
... muscle forms of LDH are examples of isoenzymes detectable by such chemical properties. In fact, the demonstration of experimental data like that shown in figure 2 is an indication that such methods are applicable. These curves indicate at a glance the conditions of assay that will differentiate the ...
Pollen Exine Pattern Formation is Dependent on Three Major
... exine has been widely carried out, and has clarified a possible component of exine, which is termed sporopollenin. Sporopollenin is used as a generic term for the exine constituent. Several lines of biochemical evidence clearly indicate that sporopollenin consists of phenylpropanoids, phenolics and ...
... exine has been widely carried out, and has clarified a possible component of exine, which is termed sporopollenin. Sporopollenin is used as a generic term for the exine constituent. Several lines of biochemical evidence clearly indicate that sporopollenin consists of phenylpropanoids, phenolics and ...
EFFECTS OF INSULIN DEFICIENCY ON EXERCISE
... in which insulin secretion is impaired because of destruction of pancreatic β-cells. It is characterized by hyperglycemia and increased reliance on fat oxidation. This is seen also as altered gene expression patterns. The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of insulin deficiency on ex ...
... in which insulin secretion is impaired because of destruction of pancreatic β-cells. It is characterized by hyperglycemia and increased reliance on fat oxidation. This is seen also as altered gene expression patterns. The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of insulin deficiency on ex ...
The tyrosine regulated DAHP synthase and the biosynthetic
... ARO4, that can be feedback-inhibited by phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively. Crystal structures of the phenylalanine regulated DAHP synthase of Escherichia coli and of the tyrosine inhibitable isoenzyme of S. cerevisiae are available. With the help of amino acid substitutions at the catalytic c ...
... ARO4, that can be feedback-inhibited by phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively. Crystal structures of the phenylalanine regulated DAHP synthase of Escherichia coli and of the tyrosine inhibitable isoenzyme of S. cerevisiae are available. With the help of amino acid substitutions at the catalytic c ...
16. Energy Metabolism
... not to make creatine, the entire energy balance of those tissues would be upset, not only because a reserve of high-energy phosphate would be diminished, but because the nature of the adenine nucleotide pool would be affected. The presence of creatine helps regulate the ATP:ADP ratio, which in turn ...
... not to make creatine, the entire energy balance of those tissues would be upset, not only because a reserve of high-energy phosphate would be diminished, but because the nature of the adenine nucleotide pool would be affected. The presence of creatine helps regulate the ATP:ADP ratio, which in turn ...
167 renal and small intestinal sodium
... Cloned Na+/Pi symporters seem not to belong to a currently described family of membrane-transport proteins, such as the SGLT-1 or Na+/Cl symport families (Wright et al. 1992). Also, no significant overall identity was found with other cloned mammalian and non-mammalian membrane Na+-dependent and Na+ ...
... Cloned Na+/Pi symporters seem not to belong to a currently described family of membrane-transport proteins, such as the SGLT-1 or Na+/Cl symport families (Wright et al. 1992). Also, no significant overall identity was found with other cloned mammalian and non-mammalian membrane Na+-dependent and Na+ ...
Research Paper Screening of Lipid Carriers and Characterization of
... Methods. Verapamil HCl (VRP) was chosen as a model drug and dextran sulfate sodium (DS) as a counter-ionic polymer. Solubility parameters of VRP, VRP-DS complex, and various lipids were calculated and partition of VRP and VRP-DS in lipids was determined. Thermodynamics of VRP binding to DS was deter ...
... Methods. Verapamil HCl (VRP) was chosen as a model drug and dextran sulfate sodium (DS) as a counter-ionic polymer. Solubility parameters of VRP, VRP-DS complex, and various lipids were calculated and partition of VRP and VRP-DS in lipids was determined. Thermodynamics of VRP binding to DS was deter ...
Unraveling Biochemical Pathways Affected by Mitochondrial
... steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (SaRT) transporter family [49]. Once imported, cholesterol is converted to a pregnenolone cytochrome P450-linked side chain cleaving enzyme (P450scc) and exported back to the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum, where the final steps of steroidogenesis will b ...
... steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (SaRT) transporter family [49]. Once imported, cholesterol is converted to a pregnenolone cytochrome P450-linked side chain cleaving enzyme (P450scc) and exported back to the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum, where the final steps of steroidogenesis will b ...
THE MULTIFARIOUS AND DYNAMIC REGULATION OF THE LIVING CELL Karen van Eunen
... (Figure 1.3). For instance, signal transduction can either have a direct effect on metabolism or an indirect effect via gene expression. Since this thesis does not cover signal transduction, I will not discuss it any further. Here I will describe regulation via gene expression and metabolism. The re ...
... (Figure 1.3). For instance, signal transduction can either have a direct effect on metabolism or an indirect effect via gene expression. Since this thesis does not cover signal transduction, I will not discuss it any further. Here I will describe regulation via gene expression and metabolism. The re ...
Role of Mitochondria in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
... defined by the presence of central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [12–14]. NAFLD increases with obesity and type 2 diabetes; it is present in up to 90% of obese individuals [12,15,16]. Insulin resistance is a common causative factor in the pathogenesis o ...
... defined by the presence of central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [12–14]. NAFLD increases with obesity and type 2 diabetes; it is present in up to 90% of obese individuals [12,15,16]. Insulin resistance is a common causative factor in the pathogenesis o ...
Growth-limiting Intracellular Metabolites in Yeast Growing Under Diverse Nutrient Limitations.
... et al., 1998) of the metabolites to view the relative differences and similarities in metabolite concentrations among conditions (Figure 1, for alternative color scheme see Supplemental Figure S2). This display suggests several general conclusions. First, metabolites belonging to the same class, suc ...
... et al., 1998) of the metabolites to view the relative differences and similarities in metabolite concentrations among conditions (Figure 1, for alternative color scheme see Supplemental Figure S2). This display suggests several general conclusions. First, metabolites belonging to the same class, suc ...
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis.) One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized ""on demand"" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.