Hypoxia in skeletal muscles: from physiology to gene expression
... mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) under hypoxia [46]. Besides NO, increases in the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) which removes superoxide and catalase (CAT) which removes hydrog ...
... mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) under hypoxia [46]. Besides NO, increases in the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) which removes superoxide and catalase (CAT) which removes hydrog ...
CHAPTER 19 LIPID METABOLISM Introduction: Fats are much more
... Triglycerides in adipocytes are mobilized in a hormone-initiated (epinephrine) process involving cAMP much in the same way that cAMP initiates glycogen breakdown in muscle cells by activating protein kinase. (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). In this case, hormonesensitive lipase liberates the fatty a ...
... Triglycerides in adipocytes are mobilized in a hormone-initiated (epinephrine) process involving cAMP much in the same way that cAMP initiates glycogen breakdown in muscle cells by activating protein kinase. (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). In this case, hormonesensitive lipase liberates the fatty a ...
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, the target for nitrogen
... in mammalian cells, and it has been concluded that the enzymes are cytosolic [10]. Hence, at present, the intracellular location of the mammalian mevalonate pathway enzymes remains unclear. The pathway has also been investigated in plants and it appears that some, but not all, of the enzymes are per ...
... in mammalian cells, and it has been concluded that the enzymes are cytosolic [10]. Hence, at present, the intracellular location of the mammalian mevalonate pathway enzymes remains unclear. The pathway has also been investigated in plants and it appears that some, but not all, of the enzymes are per ...
cell biology - Bio
... 4–8) turn to the central dogma of molecular biology and describe how DNA is used to make RNA which in turn is used to make protein. The next section (Chapters 9–11) describes how proteins are delivered to the appropriate location inside or outside the cell, and how proteins perform their many functi ...
... 4–8) turn to the central dogma of molecular biology and describe how DNA is used to make RNA which in turn is used to make protein. The next section (Chapters 9–11) describes how proteins are delivered to the appropriate location inside or outside the cell, and how proteins perform their many functi ...
10 Translocation in the Phloem Chapter
... tional relationship and a ready exchange of solutes between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (sm ...
... tional relationship and a ready exchange of solutes between the two cells. The plasmodesmata are often complex and branched on the companion cell side. Companion cells play a role in the transport of photosynthetic products from producing cells in mature leaves to the sieve elements in the minor (sm ...
Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPAR
... in the gene promoters. PPARα-RXR complex recruits variety of co-activator proteins with a histone acetyltransferase activity, that belong to the CBP/p300 or SRC/p160 families (reviewed in [17]). This events enable chromatin remodeling and association of the general transcriptional complex with the p ...
... in the gene promoters. PPARα-RXR complex recruits variety of co-activator proteins with a histone acetyltransferase activity, that belong to the CBP/p300 or SRC/p160 families (reviewed in [17]). This events enable chromatin remodeling and association of the general transcriptional complex with the p ...
Glucose
... one substrate level prosphorylation； • Generation: one FADH2，three NADH+H+，two CO2， one GTP； • Key enzyme：citrate synthase， isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ...
... one substrate level prosphorylation； • Generation: one FADH2，three NADH+H+，two CO2， one GTP； • Key enzyme：citrate synthase， isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. ...
The Role of the Bundle Sheath in the Leaf Development of C3 plants
... Reticulate Arabidopsis leaf mutants are defective in processes governing the development of the inner leaf architecture. These mutants are aberrant in the mesophyll (M) but have an intact vasculature and bundle sheath (BS). While the role of the BS in C 4 plants is well established, knowledge about ...
... Reticulate Arabidopsis leaf mutants are defective in processes governing the development of the inner leaf architecture. These mutants are aberrant in the mesophyll (M) but have an intact vasculature and bundle sheath (BS). While the role of the BS in C 4 plants is well established, knowledge about ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... pH range where the amino group is protonated. This can be seen in a plot of kcat/Km versus pH (Figure 1). With TDP and AZT diphosphate, kcat/Km was constant between pH 6.0 and 8.0. In contrast, the NDP kinase activity on 3′-amino3′-dTDP decreases with pH, showing that the unprotonated form of the nu ...
... pH range where the amino group is protonated. This can be seen in a plot of kcat/Km versus pH (Figure 1). With TDP and AZT diphosphate, kcat/Km was constant between pH 6.0 and 8.0. In contrast, the NDP kinase activity on 3′-amino3′-dTDP decreases with pH, showing that the unprotonated form of the nu ...
dbPSP: a curated database for protein phosphorylation sites in
... its critical roles in various cellular processes such as signal transduction. Thus, an integrative data resource of the prokaryotic phosphorylation will be useful for further analysis. In this study, we presented a curated database of phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes (dbPSP, Database URL: http:/ ...
... its critical roles in various cellular processes such as signal transduction. Thus, an integrative data resource of the prokaryotic phosphorylation will be useful for further analysis. In this study, we presented a curated database of phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes (dbPSP, Database URL: http:/ ...
Minimalist Active-Site Redesign: Teaching Old Enzymes New Tricks
... providing reactive groups, such as nucleophiles or acids/bases, and by setting the right microenvironment (hydrophobicity, charge complementarity, or hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors) to stabilize the transition state. Thus, the role of the active site is to bind the substrate(s), ease its convers ...
... providing reactive groups, such as nucleophiles or acids/bases, and by setting the right microenvironment (hydrophobicity, charge complementarity, or hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors) to stabilize the transition state. Thus, the role of the active site is to bind the substrate(s), ease its convers ...
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases - Micro-Rao
... First instance of a plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase was reported from an ampicillin resistant E. coli isolate obtained from urine specimen of a woman named Temoniera in Greece in 1965. This enzyme was designated as TEM-1. Within a decade this enzyme had spread to several members of Enterobacteriacea ...
... First instance of a plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase was reported from an ampicillin resistant E. coli isolate obtained from urine specimen of a woman named Temoniera in Greece in 1965. This enzyme was designated as TEM-1. Within a decade this enzyme had spread to several members of Enterobacteriacea ...
Doctorial Thesis Regulation of Branched
... Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid and plays a key role in protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Recently, it has been reported that an oral administration of leucine has been revealed to influence the plasma concentrations of other amino acids not only isole ...
... Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid and plays a key role in protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Recently, it has been reported that an oral administration of leucine has been revealed to influence the plasma concentrations of other amino acids not only isole ...
Defining the Schistosoma haematobium kinome enables the
... Recent research efforts to identify new molecular targets for chemotherapeutic intervention have focused on protein kinases13,14, because they are involved in signalling cascades of essential regulatory and developmental processes15–17, particular kinase groups have relatively conserved structures18 ...
... Recent research efforts to identify new molecular targets for chemotherapeutic intervention have focused on protein kinases13,14, because they are involved in signalling cascades of essential regulatory and developmental processes15–17, particular kinase groups have relatively conserved structures18 ...
mineralization of chlorobenzene. of the meta
... the presence of toluene enhanced the degradation of chlorobenzene (18). Here, we show that this organism grows on chlorobenzene via a meta-cleavage pathway which allows the simultaneous utilization of toluene. In addition, 3-chlorocatechol was found to be the ring cleavage substrate formed from chlo ...
... the presence of toluene enhanced the degradation of chlorobenzene (18). Here, we show that this organism grows on chlorobenzene via a meta-cleavage pathway which allows the simultaneous utilization of toluene. In addition, 3-chlorocatechol was found to be the ring cleavage substrate formed from chlo ...
Bile-Acid Sequestrants: Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms - HAL
... a meal, bile acid flux and plasma bile acid concentrations are highest postprandially [2]. Bile acids consist of a 24-carbon steroid core and a side chain carrying a carboxyl group. The nature of the bile acid species is determined by the number and position of hydroxyl groups on the steroid core, f ...
... a meal, bile acid flux and plasma bile acid concentrations are highest postprandially [2]. Bile acids consist of a 24-carbon steroid core and a side chain carrying a carboxyl group. The nature of the bile acid species is determined by the number and position of hydroxyl groups on the steroid core, f ...
Microbial degradation of chloroaromatics Mars, Astrid E.
... the presence of toluene enhanced the degradation of chlorobenzene (18). Here, we show that this organism grows on chlorobenzene via a meta-cleavage pathway which allows the simultaneous utilization of toluene. In addition, 3-chlorocatechol was found to be the ring cleavage substrate formed from chlo ...
... the presence of toluene enhanced the degradation of chlorobenzene (18). Here, we show that this organism grows on chlorobenzene via a meta-cleavage pathway which allows the simultaneous utilization of toluene. In addition, 3-chlorocatechol was found to be the ring cleavage substrate formed from chlo ...
Broad-Spectrum Peptide Inhibitors of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
... one class of modifying enzyme would therefore be highly desirable and would allow the rescue of aminoglycoside antibiotic activity, analogous to the employment of -lactamase inhibitors to overcome penicillin resistance [3]. The three-dimensional structures of representative members of all three cla ...
... one class of modifying enzyme would therefore be highly desirable and would allow the rescue of aminoglycoside antibiotic activity, analogous to the employment of -lactamase inhibitors to overcome penicillin resistance [3]. The three-dimensional structures of representative members of all three cla ...
STARCH AND OTHER POLYSACCHARIDES
... starch synthesis. Chloroplastic enzyme is regulated allosterically (activated by 3-PGA, inhibited by P). On the other hand the regulation of ADP-1-Glc-ase located in seed or tuber cytoplasm is more complex and probably connected with sucrose or Glc import rate; in these tissues the enzyme is located ...
... starch synthesis. Chloroplastic enzyme is regulated allosterically (activated by 3-PGA, inhibited by P). On the other hand the regulation of ADP-1-Glc-ase located in seed or tuber cytoplasm is more complex and probably connected with sucrose or Glc import rate; in these tissues the enzyme is located ...
glucuronidation of opioids, carboxylic acid
... UGT isoforms. UGTs that are members of the UGT1 gene complex share common second through fifth exons, with at least 12 separate first exons coding for proteins with unique amino-terminal domains (2). In contrast, gene products of the UGT2 family appear to be transcribed from unique genes (3, 4). Alt ...
... UGT isoforms. UGTs that are members of the UGT1 gene complex share common second through fifth exons, with at least 12 separate first exons coding for proteins with unique amino-terminal domains (2). In contrast, gene products of the UGT2 family appear to be transcribed from unique genes (3, 4). Alt ...
Transacylation as a chain-termination mechanism in fatty acid
... fatty acid synthetase, has been shown for Mycobacterium smegmatis. In this system a polysaccharide facilitates the removal of inhibitory products from the fatty acid synthetase complex, and thereby stimulates fatty acid synthesis de novo. This results in an increased synthesis of C24 and C26 fatty a ...
... fatty acid synthetase, has been shown for Mycobacterium smegmatis. In this system a polysaccharide facilitates the removal of inhibitory products from the fatty acid synthetase complex, and thereby stimulates fatty acid synthesis de novo. This results in an increased synthesis of C24 and C26 fatty a ...
... nutrition investigates roles for nutrients at the molecular level, such as signal transduction, gene expression and covalent modifications of proteins. Research findings that have been generated by using molecular techniques have guided us into new territory, going way beyond classical nutrition stu ...
41 Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
... CDP-diacylglycerol are precursors of glycogen and phosphoglycerides, respectively. S-Adenosylmethionine carries an activated methyl group. In addition, nucleotides act as second messengers in intracellular signaling (e.g., cAMP, cGMP). Finally, nucleotides and nucleosides act as metabolic allosteric ...
... CDP-diacylglycerol are precursors of glycogen and phosphoglycerides, respectively. S-Adenosylmethionine carries an activated methyl group. In addition, nucleotides act as second messengers in intracellular signaling (e.g., cAMP, cGMP). Finally, nucleotides and nucleosides act as metabolic allosteric ...
a curated database for protein phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes
... its critical roles in various cellular processes such as signal transduction. Thus, an integrative data resource of the prokaryotic phosphorylation will be useful for further analysis. In this study, we presented a curated database of phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes (dbPSP, Database URL: http:/ ...
... its critical roles in various cellular processes such as signal transduction. Thus, an integrative data resource of the prokaryotic phosphorylation will be useful for further analysis. In this study, we presented a curated database of phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes (dbPSP, Database URL: http:/ ...
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis.) One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized ""on demand"" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.