Liver Physiology - e-safe
... decarboxylation. The products are acetylcoenzyme A, which enters the citric acid cycle. The nitrogenous end-product of amino acid degradation is ammonia. Ammonia is a toxic end product and is eliminated from the body as urea. Amino acids ...
... decarboxylation. The products are acetylcoenzyme A, which enters the citric acid cycle. The nitrogenous end-product of amino acid degradation is ammonia. Ammonia is a toxic end product and is eliminated from the body as urea. Amino acids ...
Lipid Metabolism Catabolism Overview
... – Rare, but do occur in diet – One of 2 requirements for Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) in human diet ...
... – Rare, but do occur in diet – One of 2 requirements for Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) in human diet ...
KREBS CYCLE Definition Krebs cycle (aka tricarboxylic acid cycle
... 2. Before the oxidation reactions can begin, the hydroxyl group of citrate must be repositioned. This is done by removing a water molecule from one carbon and the water is added to different carbon. The product is an isomer of citrate called isocitrate. ...
... 2. Before the oxidation reactions can begin, the hydroxyl group of citrate must be repositioned. This is done by removing a water molecule from one carbon and the water is added to different carbon. The product is an isomer of citrate called isocitrate. ...
Successful Longevity - SENS Research Foundation
... Leptin resistance may lead to alteration in body fat-distribution and to insulin resistance! ...
... Leptin resistance may lead to alteration in body fat-distribution and to insulin resistance! ...
幻灯片 1
... biosynthesis. It is made in two steps, the first of which is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA in the cytosol to form malonyl CoA . The carboxylation reaction is catalyzed by the biotin- dependent enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase using a mechanism similar to the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase ...
... biosynthesis. It is made in two steps, the first of which is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA in the cytosol to form malonyl CoA . The carboxylation reaction is catalyzed by the biotin- dependent enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase using a mechanism similar to the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase ...
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS IN LIVER DISEASES 24.48 MB
... Most drugs are metabolized by the liver. Low substrate specificity of some hepatic enzymes produces a wide-ranging capability for drug metabolism Hepatic metabolism usually increases the hydrophilicity of drugs and therefore their ability to be excreted. Metabolites produced are less pharmacological ...
... Most drugs are metabolized by the liver. Low substrate specificity of some hepatic enzymes produces a wide-ranging capability for drug metabolism Hepatic metabolism usually increases the hydrophilicity of drugs and therefore their ability to be excreted. Metabolites produced are less pharmacological ...
EXAMPLES OF “STEP
... 20. After taking sulfonamides and aspirin by a 38-year-old patient, hemolysis of erythrocytes caused by the insufficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase developed. The disturbance of what coenzyme formation does this pathology result from? A. ...
... 20. After taking sulfonamides and aspirin by a 38-year-old patient, hemolysis of erythrocytes caused by the insufficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase developed. The disturbance of what coenzyme formation does this pathology result from? A. ...
EXAM 2 Lecture 15 1. What are cofactors? A: They are small organic
... can drive these special reactions. 2. What are the two subdivisions of cofactors? A: Essential ions and coenzymes 3. What are the further subdivisions of essential ions and how strong do they bind? A: Activator ions (loosely bound) and metal ions of metalloenzymes (tightly bound) 4. What are the fur ...
... can drive these special reactions. 2. What are the two subdivisions of cofactors? A: Essential ions and coenzymes 3. What are the further subdivisions of essential ions and how strong do they bind? A: Activator ions (loosely bound) and metal ions of metalloenzymes (tightly bound) 4. What are the fur ...
2 ATP
... 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 Net ATP form Enough energy for many single-celled species Not enough energy for large organisms ...
... 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 Net ATP form Enough energy for many single-celled species Not enough energy for large organisms ...
Fat: An Important Energy Source During Exercise
... • 2+ X as much energy per gram • Not hydrated when stored – 3 g H2O per g glycogen – Equivalent energy as glycogen would increase body weight by 50% or more ...
... • 2+ X as much energy per gram • Not hydrated when stored – 3 g H2O per g glycogen – Equivalent energy as glycogen would increase body weight by 50% or more ...
Chapter 6 Current Views of the Fat Cell as an Endocrine Cell
... cardiac, skeletal muscle, and pancreatic steatosis have been found in ob/ob and db/db mice and fa/fa rats, which have obesity together with increased appetite, hyperlipidemia, and increased blood free FAs (FFAs) [2, 5, 13]. Obese human subjects can have increased intramyocellular lipid in skeletal m ...
... cardiac, skeletal muscle, and pancreatic steatosis have been found in ob/ob and db/db mice and fa/fa rats, which have obesity together with increased appetite, hyperlipidemia, and increased blood free FAs (FFAs) [2, 5, 13]. Obese human subjects can have increased intramyocellular lipid in skeletal m ...
7. Lipidic metabolism in parasitic platyhelminthes
... Fatty acid oxidation The energetic metabolism and the presence or absence of fatty acid (FA) catabolism in cestodes remains unclear. Although larvae and adult forms of cestodes are likely to have at least some oxygen supply, in many species the oxygen tension in the central region may be zero. In ad ...
... Fatty acid oxidation The energetic metabolism and the presence or absence of fatty acid (FA) catabolism in cestodes remains unclear. Although larvae and adult forms of cestodes are likely to have at least some oxygen supply, in many species the oxygen tension in the central region may be zero. In ad ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism - BITS Academic Resource Center
... into the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation is a combination of two simultaneous processes; the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic coupling. The electron transport chain (also known as the respiratory chain) comprises 4 complexes located in ...
... into the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation is a combination of two simultaneous processes; the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic coupling. The electron transport chain (also known as the respiratory chain) comprises 4 complexes located in ...
GOALS FOR LECTURE 7:
... disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their component monosaccharide subunits by digestive enzymes in the saliva in the lumen of the small intestine. The enzymes are stereospecific. α-amylase in the saliva and secreted by the pancreas into the intestine will hydrolyze α 1-4 bonds but not β 1-4 bonds, ther ...
... disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their component monosaccharide subunits by digestive enzymes in the saliva in the lumen of the small intestine. The enzymes are stereospecific. α-amylase in the saliva and secreted by the pancreas into the intestine will hydrolyze α 1-4 bonds but not β 1-4 bonds, ther ...
Glycerolipids and Glycerophospholipids
... Diagnostics: the L/S Ratio • Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is produced by type II alveolar epithelial cells in the fetal lung. During gestation it is found in the amniotic fluid. PC ...
... Diagnostics: the L/S Ratio • Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is produced by type II alveolar epithelial cells in the fetal lung. During gestation it is found in the amniotic fluid. PC ...
Cellular Respiration
... Glucose (sugar) provides energy. Monosaccharides and Dissacharides structures usually give quick energy. Polysaccharide structure is mainly used for storage and structure. Glucose is obtained from and/or produced by plants The Cell and the Mitochondria ...
... Glucose (sugar) provides energy. Monosaccharides and Dissacharides structures usually give quick energy. Polysaccharide structure is mainly used for storage and structure. Glucose is obtained from and/or produced by plants The Cell and the Mitochondria ...
Biochemistry - DENTISTRY 2012
... a) liver disease : if not produced in the liver b) malnutrition : if not included in the diet c) increased demand for it in pregnancy for example . 2) Congenital/primary deficiencies: “ the baby was born with it “ - defects are present in the enzyme which synthesize carnitine. -problem with the upta ...
... a) liver disease : if not produced in the liver b) malnutrition : if not included in the diet c) increased demand for it in pregnancy for example . 2) Congenital/primary deficiencies: “ the baby was born with it “ - defects are present in the enzyme which synthesize carnitine. -problem with the upta ...
The TCA Cycle
... h. **NOTE: “important for later consideration.” This reaction is irreversible, which creates many problems studying metabolism and its regulation in humans and animals. Plants, though, can actually synthesize pyruvate out of acetyl CoA with specialized enzymes. So if the plant runs out of glucose fo ...
... h. **NOTE: “important for later consideration.” This reaction is irreversible, which creates many problems studying metabolism and its regulation in humans and animals. Plants, though, can actually synthesize pyruvate out of acetyl CoA with specialized enzymes. So if the plant runs out of glucose fo ...
Cellular Respiration Part II: Glycolysis
... into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase ...
... into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Citric acid cycle is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate ...
... Citric acid cycle is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate ...
1. A Draw the structure of glucose using either a ring or straight
... 3. Because grapes make their own sugar it occurred to Gallo Vineyards that the fermentation of grape juice to wine by glycolysis could proceed effectively without the participation of sugar phosphates. This being the case they hired Creative Biochemists Inc. to design an improved glycolytic pathway ...
... 3. Because grapes make their own sugar it occurred to Gallo Vineyards that the fermentation of grape juice to wine by glycolysis could proceed effectively without the participation of sugar phosphates. This being the case they hired Creative Biochemists Inc. to design an improved glycolytic pathway ...
Chapter 9: Fermentation
... o ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorilation Substrate-level phosphorilation occurs as long as there is NAD+ to accept electrons during the oxidation step of glycolysis. o NAD+ must be recycled from NADH o w/o this process all of the NAD+ in the cell would be used up In aerobic respiration NAD ...
... o ATP generated by substrate-level phosphorilation Substrate-level phosphorilation occurs as long as there is NAD+ to accept electrons during the oxidation step of glycolysis. o NAD+ must be recycled from NADH o w/o this process all of the NAD+ in the cell would be used up In aerobic respiration NAD ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.