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Multiple Disturbances of Free Fatty Acid Metabolism in
Multiple Disturbances of Free Fatty Acid Metabolism in

... and lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were compared in 14 obese diabetic Pima Indians and in 13 age-, sex-, and weightmatched nondiabetics. The studies were repeated in 10 of the diabetics after 1 mo of oral hypoglycemic therapy. Fasting plasma glucose concentrations were elevated in diabetics (242±1 ...
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Saccharomyces
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Saccharomyces

... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
New Insight into the Role of the Calvin Cycle: Reutilization
New Insight into the Role of the Calvin Cycle: Reutilization

... of sugars, it may act on fixation and reutilization of CO2 emitted by oxidative decarboxylation during the sugar degradation. Generally, microbial production of value-added compounds from sugars often accompanies marked loss of carbon because of decarboxylation. In particular, this phenomenon is cri ...
Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism
Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism

... diabetes, the elevated glucose concentrations are caused by inadequate production of insulin. Type II diabetes, the elevated glucose concentrations caused by insensitivity to insulin because of the lack of insulin receptors. Type II diabetics have normal or elevated blood concentrations of insulin. ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA

... for example). The reactions catalyzed by aminotransferases are freely reversible, having an equilibrium constant of about 1.0 (G  0 kJ/mol). All aminotransferases have the same prosthetic group and the same reaction mechanism. The prosthetic group is pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the coenzyme form ...
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
Isoenzymes in Clinical Diagnosis

... of oxygen. This reaction is important in tissues such as skeletal and uterine muscle when energy from glycolysis is required during times of reduced oxygenation. The isoenzymes of LDH in these tissues are rich in muscle-type (M) subunits, which have the property of functioning at high concentrations ...
PDF
PDF

... grids and coated with Ilford L-4 nuclear emulsion. After a suitable exposure period (3H-precursors, 2 weeks; 14C-compound, 3 weeks to 3 months) the autoradiographs were developed with Dektol, acid-fixed and rinsed with distilled water. The sections were stained with lead citrate and viewed with a Ze ...
Branched-chain amino acid restriction in Zucker
Branched-chain amino acid restriction in Zucker

... discordant for obesity, which revealed that obesity-driven shifts in microbial communities results in higher production and lower catabolism of BCAA by the intestinal flora [10]. Indeed, transfer of gut microbiota from obese or lean twins to gnotobiotic mice is sufficient to raise circulating BCAA in ...
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION

... provide substrates such as pyruvate for energy production. Glucose is also the substrate for many cellular functions during oocyte maturation, including regulation of nuclear maturation and redox state via the PPP and for the synthesis of substrates of extracellular matrices (cumulus expansion) and ...
Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Third Edition
Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Third Edition

... An understanding of the way in which nutrients are metabolized, and hence of the principles of biochemistry, is essential for an understanding of the scientific basis of what we would call a prudent or healthy diet. My aim in the following pages is to explain both the conclusions of the many expert ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea

... ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to yield two carboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, from which the sugar is regenerated103. This cycle operates in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, some aerobic or facultative anaerobic Proteobacteria, CO-oxidizing mycobacteria and representatives of the genera Sulfobacillus (i ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea

... ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to yield two carboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, from which the sugar is regenerated103. This cycle operates in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, some aerobic or facultative anaerobic Proteobacteria, CO-oxidizing mycobacteria and representatives of the genera Sulfobacillus (i ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis

... account the chemical constraints, the steps of ATP usage (if they exist) should be as near the beginning of the route as possible, and all ATP-formation steps should be as near the end of the route as possible; whether chemical mechanisms allow a glycolytic design of this type has to be explored. (c ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... mitochondrial matrix • The carnitine shuttle moves it into the matrix – Free carnitine is exchanged for acyl carnitine ...
Production and Utilization of Acetate in Mammals
Production and Utilization of Acetate in Mammals

... 1. In an attempt to define the importance of acetate as a metabolic precursor, the activities of acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) and acetyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.1) were assayed in tissues from rats and sheep. In addition, the concentrations of acetate in blood and liver were measured, as well ...
(LPT1) and humans (LPCAT3)
(LPT1) and humans (LPCAT3)

... It is important to have fellow mates who keep you sane in graduate school. I am lucky I had a great support system. Annie (Annette) thanks for the movie-ice cream dates and all fun things we did together. It was always nice to know (with your laughter streaming in our lab and our music vice versa) t ...
LipidMetabolism
LipidMetabolism

... Phosphatidylinositol is made by this CDPdiacylglycerol pathway in bacteria and eukaryotes ...
medical chemistry and biochemistry
medical chemistry and biochemistry

... L10 The natural direction of change: the second law. 1. Define and explain briefly the role of entropy in biochemical reactions. 2. Define and explain the interrelationship between Gibbs free energy (ΔG') and standard free energy (ΔGo). 3. Apply the Gibbs free energy equation to calculate the free ...
S17 Cholesterol And Steroids Biosynthesis
S17 Cholesterol And Steroids Biosynthesis

... * Biosynthesis of Cholesterol, Steroids and Isoprenoids - Important lipid 1- structural lipid present in membrane. 2- precursors of steroidal hormones. - 27 C of cholesterol is derived from acetate. ...
14steriod
14steriod

... * Biosynthesis of Cholesterol, Steroids and Isoprenoids - Important lipid 1- structural lipid present in membrane. 2- precursors of steroidal hormones. - 27 C of cholesterol is derived from acetate. ...
Module 2 Biochemical bases of proliferation, intercellular
Module 2 Biochemical bases of proliferation, intercellular

... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
L02_2002
L02_2002

... GLYGOGENIN and Glycogen “Priming” Glycogen synthesis can only occur by extending an already existing a (1 4)-linked glucan chain. Therefore, how can it get started in the first place? Answer: The first step in glycogen synthesis is the attachment of a glucose residue to the -OH group on Tyr-194 of ...
Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15)
Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15)

... GLYGOGENIN and Glycogen “Priming” Glycogen synthesis can only occur by extending an already existing (1 4)-linked glucan chain. Therefore, how can it get started in the first place? Answer: The first step in glycogen synthesis is the attachment of a glucose residue to the -OH group on Tyr-194 of GL ...
Metabolic Engineering for Production of Complex Lipids in Tobacco
Metabolic Engineering for Production of Complex Lipids in Tobacco

... constituents of primary food and feed. Plants are also used for non-food materials with applications in creation of renewable and sustainable compounds that are not naturally produced. In addition to plants, humans depend heavily on unsustainable fossil raw materials such as petroleum to meet the en ...
as a PDF
as a PDF

... The acute phase is less studied nowadays due to the small number of detected cases and its relatively short duration (12 months). In the acute phase, in addition to high parasitemia, parasites may be found in practically all tissues and organs as intracellular amastigotes, accompanied by infiltratio ...
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Glyceroneogenesis



Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.
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