The Citric Acid Cycle
... allosteric interactions and covalent modifications. As stated earlier, glucose can be formed from pyruvate through the gluconeogenic pathway (p. 251). However, the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is an irreversible step in animals and thus they are unable to convert acetyl CoA back into glucos ...
... allosteric interactions and covalent modifications. As stated earlier, glucose can be formed from pyruvate through the gluconeogenic pathway (p. 251). However, the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate is an irreversible step in animals and thus they are unable to convert acetyl CoA back into glucos ...
1 Regulation of Substrate Oxidation Preferences in Muscle by the
... conditions. In the fasted state, fatty acids are the major fuel in oxidative metabolism while glucose oxidation is suppressed; conversely in the fed state glucose is a primary fuel source for oxidative metabolism (3). We therefore hypothesized that adropin regulates fuel preference in the feeding an ...
... conditions. In the fasted state, fatty acids are the major fuel in oxidative metabolism while glucose oxidation is suppressed; conversely in the fed state glucose is a primary fuel source for oxidative metabolism (3). We therefore hypothesized that adropin regulates fuel preference in the feeding an ...
Can Skin Exposure to Sunlight Prevent Liver Inflammation?
... (PAMPs and DAMPs). These molecules are not usually expressed in the liver. During processes of sterile inflammation and tissue injury with progression to NAFLD, DAMPs are expressed/released by hepatocytes to activate receptors on Kupffer and other immune cells [23]. NAFLD is associated with changes ...
... (PAMPs and DAMPs). These molecules are not usually expressed in the liver. During processes of sterile inflammation and tissue injury with progression to NAFLD, DAMPs are expressed/released by hepatocytes to activate receptors on Kupffer and other immune cells [23]. NAFLD is associated with changes ...
Pathophysiology of lactic acidosis, and its clinical importance after
... The anaerobic metabolic pathway known as glycolysis is the first step of glucose metabolism and occurs in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells. The end-product of this pathway is pyruvate, which can then diffuse into the mitochondria and be metabolized to carbon dioxide by another, more energy-effic ...
... The anaerobic metabolic pathway known as glycolysis is the first step of glucose metabolism and occurs in the cytoplasm of virtually all cells. The end-product of this pathway is pyruvate, which can then diffuse into the mitochondria and be metabolized to carbon dioxide by another, more energy-effic ...
Growth independent rhamnolipid production from glucose using the
... Results: Here, the metabolic engineering of a rhamnolipid producing Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a strain certified as safety strain using glucose as carbon source to avoid cumbersome product purification, is reported. Notably, P. putida KT2440 features almost no changes in growth rate and lag-phase i ...
... Results: Here, the metabolic engineering of a rhamnolipid producing Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a strain certified as safety strain using glucose as carbon source to avoid cumbersome product purification, is reported. Notably, P. putida KT2440 features almost no changes in growth rate and lag-phase i ...
Metabolism of lactate and sugars by dairy propionibacteria: A
... Abstract - Dairy propionibacteria are important organisms for the manufacture of Swiss-type cheese, for the biological production of propionate and vitamin 812 and have probiotic properties. In ail the se applications, their metabolic activities play a critical role. A complete understanding of prop ...
... Abstract - Dairy propionibacteria are important organisms for the manufacture of Swiss-type cheese, for the biological production of propionate and vitamin 812 and have probiotic properties. In ail the se applications, their metabolic activities play a critical role. A complete understanding of prop ...
Stimulation of glucose utilization in 3T3 adipocytes and rat
... mechanisms in insulin-sensitive cells in vitro. It was found that in the absence of added insulin, glimepiride and glibenclamide (1-50/iM) stimulated lipogenesis (3T3 adipocytes) and glycogenesis (isolated rat diaphragm) -4.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively, and reduced the isoproterenol-stimulated lipo ...
... mechanisms in insulin-sensitive cells in vitro. It was found that in the absence of added insulin, glimepiride and glibenclamide (1-50/iM) stimulated lipogenesis (3T3 adipocytes) and glycogenesis (isolated rat diaphragm) -4.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively, and reduced the isoproterenol-stimulated lipo ...
Characterization of the mineral phosphate solubilizing activity of
... containing few P available to plants are also used (Rajan et al. 1996). RP can be applied directly to the soil and its agronomic eYciency varies depending on soil acidity and crop. Traditional production of P fertilizers is based on chemical processing of insoluble mineral phosphate high-grade ore, ...
... containing few P available to plants are also used (Rajan et al. 1996). RP can be applied directly to the soil and its agronomic eYciency varies depending on soil acidity and crop. Traditional production of P fertilizers is based on chemical processing of insoluble mineral phosphate high-grade ore, ...
Metabolic processes of Methanococcus maripaludis and potential
... hydrogenotrophic methanogens. It has the ability to convert CO2 and H2 into a useful cleaner energy fuel (CH4). In fact, this conversion enhances in the presence of free nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source due to prolonged cell growth. Given the global importance of GHG emissions and climate change ...
... hydrogenotrophic methanogens. It has the ability to convert CO2 and H2 into a useful cleaner energy fuel (CH4). In fact, this conversion enhances in the presence of free nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source due to prolonged cell growth. Given the global importance of GHG emissions and climate change ...
FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATASE FROM GOAT LIVER: A POSSIBLE TARGET FOR
... components of the electron transport chain of mitochondria which is associated with oxidative phosphorylation. Riboflavin is related to the metabolic process of proteins and is an integral part of the prosthetic group of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase the enzyme which mediates the first oxidative step in th ...
... components of the electron transport chain of mitochondria which is associated with oxidative phosphorylation. Riboflavin is related to the metabolic process of proteins and is an integral part of the prosthetic group of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase the enzyme which mediates the first oxidative step in th ...
Amino Acid δ13C Analysis Shows Flexibility in the Routing of
... of dietary lipids on non-essential amino acids varied as function of biosynthetic pathway. The source of carbon in ketogenic amino acids synthesized through the Krebs cycle was highly sensitive to dietary lipid content, with significant increases of approximately 2–4ø in Glutamate and Aspartate d13C ...
... of dietary lipids on non-essential amino acids varied as function of biosynthetic pathway. The source of carbon in ketogenic amino acids synthesized through the Krebs cycle was highly sensitive to dietary lipid content, with significant increases of approximately 2–4ø in Glutamate and Aspartate d13C ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Glycolysis Lectures
... The metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway must be adjusted to respond to internal and extracellular conditions. IMPORTANT - Two major cellular needs regulate the rate of glucose conversion into pyruvate: 1) The production of ATP. 2) The production of building blocks for synthetic reactions. ...
... The metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway must be adjusted to respond to internal and extracellular conditions. IMPORTANT - Two major cellular needs regulate the rate of glucose conversion into pyruvate: 1) The production of ATP. 2) The production of building blocks for synthetic reactions. ...
The role of sphingolipid metabolism in cutaneous
... 28–36 carbons) esterified in ω-position with linoleic acid [22–26]. 3.1. Biosynthesis of VLC- and ULC-FAs Starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, fatty acid synthase complex (FAS)-I in the cytosol and the enzymes of FAS-II in mitochondria generate mainly palmitoyl-CoA [27], which can be ω-hydroxyla ...
... 28–36 carbons) esterified in ω-position with linoleic acid [22–26]. 3.1. Biosynthesis of VLC- and ULC-FAs Starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, fatty acid synthase complex (FAS)-I in the cytosol and the enzymes of FAS-II in mitochondria generate mainly palmitoyl-CoA [27], which can be ω-hydroxyla ...
26. oxidation of amino acids
... environment if they are available; these can be oxidized as fuel when the metabolic conditions so demand. Photosynthetic plants, on the contrary, rarely oxidize amino acids to provide energy. Instead they convert CO2 and H2O into the carbohydrate glucose that is used almost exclusively as an energy ...
... environment if they are available; these can be oxidized as fuel when the metabolic conditions so demand. Photosynthetic plants, on the contrary, rarely oxidize amino acids to provide energy. Instead they convert CO2 and H2O into the carbohydrate glucose that is used almost exclusively as an energy ...
Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
... NEFA concentrations are higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes than nondiabetic individuals, even though their insulin concentrations are also higher (13,14). Normally, the liver extracts approximately one-third of a glucose load delivered enterally or into the portal vein (15–17), but net HGU ( ...
... NEFA concentrations are higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes than nondiabetic individuals, even though their insulin concentrations are also higher (13,14). Normally, the liver extracts approximately one-third of a glucose load delivered enterally or into the portal vein (15–17), but net HGU ( ...
Metabolism of Plasma Membrane Lipids in
... triacylglycerides (TAGs) as a major form of lipid storage, and the presence of TAGs has been reported in Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus and Nocardia [48-52]. Interestingly, corynebacteria seem to lack the capacity to synthesize TAG, indicating that some lineages of Actinobacteria have elim ...
... triacylglycerides (TAGs) as a major form of lipid storage, and the presence of TAGs has been reported in Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus and Nocardia [48-52]. Interestingly, corynebacteria seem to lack the capacity to synthesize TAG, indicating that some lineages of Actinobacteria have elim ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Four
... because they accelerate reactions, but also because they can be regulated, i.e., they can be turned on or off, thus allowing for the reaction rate to be controlled. Enzymes also control the type of reaction which is occurring so that one reaction may not be allowed to occur without another simultane ...
... because they accelerate reactions, but also because they can be regulated, i.e., they can be turned on or off, thus allowing for the reaction rate to be controlled. Enzymes also control the type of reaction which is occurring so that one reaction may not be allowed to occur without another simultane ...
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase Results in Blood Lactate
... lactate level in STZ induced diabetic rats when compared with normal control is therefore consistent with previous studies. Published studies have provided mixed results regarding the potential of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to modulate blood glucose levels. Previously Acetazolamide and Ethoxyzola ...
... lactate level in STZ induced diabetic rats when compared with normal control is therefore consistent with previous studies. Published studies have provided mixed results regarding the potential of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to modulate blood glucose levels. Previously Acetazolamide and Ethoxyzola ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... domain and the β-ketoacyl reductase domain. The β subunit contains the acetyl transferase domain, the malonyl transferase domain, the β-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase domain and the enoyl reductase domain. The subunits are arranged in a head to tail fashion that allows the first domain of one subunit of ...
... domain and the β-ketoacyl reductase domain. The β subunit contains the acetyl transferase domain, the malonyl transferase domain, the β-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase domain and the enoyl reductase domain. The subunits are arranged in a head to tail fashion that allows the first domain of one subunit of ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... Alcoholic fermentation. This two-step pathway is common for yeast. Pyruvate -> Acetaldehyde + CO2 catalysed by Pyruvate decarboxylase. This reaction requires thiamine pyrophosphate, derived from vitamin B1 as a coenzyme. Conversion of Acetaldehyde to Ethanol by Alcohol dehydrogenase. Aerobic Glycol ...
... Alcoholic fermentation. This two-step pathway is common for yeast. Pyruvate -> Acetaldehyde + CO2 catalysed by Pyruvate decarboxylase. This reaction requires thiamine pyrophosphate, derived from vitamin B1 as a coenzyme. Conversion of Acetaldehyde to Ethanol by Alcohol dehydrogenase. Aerobic Glycol ...
Lipids Simple by Dr Sarma
... • 10 mg of Atorvastatin/Simvastatin OD, up to 40mg/day • Synthesis of Cholesterol is blocked by inhibiting the enzyme hydroxy-methyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase • Increase in LDL receptors – traps LDL from plasma • Decrease in LDL by 25-45%, and VLDL TG by 10-20% • Increase HDL by 8-10%, No action ...
... • 10 mg of Atorvastatin/Simvastatin OD, up to 40mg/day • Synthesis of Cholesterol is blocked by inhibiting the enzyme hydroxy-methyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase • Increase in LDL receptors – traps LDL from plasma • Decrease in LDL by 25-45%, and VLDL TG by 10-20% • Increase HDL by 8-10%, No action ...
Some Structural and Kinetic Aspects of L
... that binding of the effector to the one site of enzyme subunit affects the substrate (PEP) binding in another PK subunit. Thus the binding of FBP to the C domain influences the binding of PEP to A domain of PK subunit. Also M2, R and L isoenzymes exhibit a sigmoidal kinetics toward the substrate PE ...
... that binding of the effector to the one site of enzyme subunit affects the substrate (PEP) binding in another PK subunit. Thus the binding of FBP to the C domain influences the binding of PEP to A domain of PK subunit. Also M2, R and L isoenzymes exhibit a sigmoidal kinetics toward the substrate PE ...
Nutrition Nutrient – a substance that promotes normal growth
... The terminal phosphates are cleaved and captured by ADP to form 4 ATP molecules ...
... The terminal phosphates are cleaved and captured by ADP to form 4 ATP molecules ...
Characterization of carnitine and fatty acid metabolism in the long
... acetonitrile, which was stored at − 20 ◦C until analysis. Plasma and urine samples were prepared as described previously [15], except that propylation reagent was used instead of butylation reagent, and samples were stored in acetonitrile at − 20 ◦C until analysis. On the day of analysis, 70 µl of t ...
... acetonitrile, which was stored at − 20 ◦C until analysis. Plasma and urine samples were prepared as described previously [15], except that propylation reagent was used instead of butylation reagent, and samples were stored in acetonitrile at − 20 ◦C until analysis. On the day of analysis, 70 µl of t ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.