Osmo- and thermo-adaptation in hyperthermophilic Archaea
... microorganisms adapted to grow optimally at elevated temperatures tend to use negatively charged solutes that are not present or rarely encountered in mesophilic organisms. In this work, the organic solute pool of several members of the genus Archaeoglobus as well as of the extreme hyperthermophile ...
... microorganisms adapted to grow optimally at elevated temperatures tend to use negatively charged solutes that are not present or rarely encountered in mesophilic organisms. In this work, the organic solute pool of several members of the genus Archaeoglobus as well as of the extreme hyperthermophile ...
the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in glucose and ketone
... decreased adiposity, and were euglycemic due to reduction in the rate of gluconeogenesis. Like chow fed DKO mice, high fat fed DKO mice were unusually sensitive to fasting because of ketoacidosis and hypothermia. PDK deficiency resulted in ...
... decreased adiposity, and were euglycemic due to reduction in the rate of gluconeogenesis. Like chow fed DKO mice, high fat fed DKO mice were unusually sensitive to fasting because of ketoacidosis and hypothermia. PDK deficiency resulted in ...
Evidence of separate pathways for lactate uptake and release by the
... compartmentalized, consisting of separate pathways for glycolytic production of lactate and uptake of exogenous lactate. Specifically, we reasoned that if lactate efflux reflects glycolysis in the same cells that are oxidizing lactate, the addition of another oxidizable substrate such as fatty acids ...
... compartmentalized, consisting of separate pathways for glycolytic production of lactate and uptake of exogenous lactate. Specifically, we reasoned that if lactate efflux reflects glycolysis in the same cells that are oxidizing lactate, the addition of another oxidizable substrate such as fatty acids ...
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in
... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
... A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying deletions in all three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (also called Pdc negative yeast) represents a non-ethanol producing platform strain for biochemical production. However, it cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source due to the lack of cytosolic ace ...
Carnitine Overview
... carries a molecule of cytosolic acylcarnitine within the mitochondrion exchanging it with one molecule of free carnitine present in the mitochondrion, that is transported in the cytosol. ...
... carries a molecule of cytosolic acylcarnitine within the mitochondrion exchanging it with one molecule of free carnitine present in the mitochondrion, that is transported in the cytosol. ...
Fast evolutionary rates associated with functional loss in class I
... for exogenous glucose uptake in schistosomula in vitro and for parasite development in vivo [5]. A third glucose transporter gene, sgtp2, has also been identified. The sgtp2 open reading frame was interrupted by a missing base ~260 bp downstream the first initiator ATG codon. The hypothetical additi ...
... for exogenous glucose uptake in schistosomula in vitro and for parasite development in vivo [5]. A third glucose transporter gene, sgtp2, has also been identified. The sgtp2 open reading frame was interrupted by a missing base ~260 bp downstream the first initiator ATG codon. The hypothetical additi ...
NON-RADIOACTIVE ASSAY FOR ACETYL-CoA
... production of NADH via ultraviolet light at 340 nm. The assay described herein eliminates the malate dehydrogenase step and instead employs DTNB in the citrate synthase reaction, permitting the use of visible light at 412 nm to monitor the reaction. ...
... production of NADH via ultraviolet light at 340 nm. The assay described herein eliminates the malate dehydrogenase step and instead employs DTNB in the citrate synthase reaction, permitting the use of visible light at 412 nm to monitor the reaction. ...
Ketone Body Metabolism Preserves Hepatic Function during
... fasting in healthy adult humans, but can accumulate to as high as 20 mM in pathological states like diabetic ketoacidosis (2,4,6). Ketone body metabolism is not solely rooted in energy metabolism, as ketone bodies also serve as lipogenic and sterol biosynthetic substrates in many tissues, including ...
... fasting in healthy adult humans, but can accumulate to as high as 20 mM in pathological states like diabetic ketoacidosis (2,4,6). Ketone body metabolism is not solely rooted in energy metabolism, as ketone bodies also serve as lipogenic and sterol biosynthetic substrates in many tissues, including ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... isocitrate dehydrogenase are not limiting factors in aerobic metabolism. In the same study it was found that in insect flight muscles the activities of both citrate synthase and NAD+ linked isocitrate dehydrogenase are high, indicating that the muscles involved in flight for insects depend on aerobi ...
... isocitrate dehydrogenase are not limiting factors in aerobic metabolism. In the same study it was found that in insect flight muscles the activities of both citrate synthase and NAD+ linked isocitrate dehydrogenase are high, indicating that the muscles involved in flight for insects depend on aerobi ...
Brock_Naimi_Madina_2014
... List of Figures Figure 1: Role of Insulin in Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................... 8 Figure 2: Insulin stimulates the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle leading to increased glucose uptake....................................................... ...
... List of Figures Figure 1: Role of Insulin in Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................... 8 Figure 2: Insulin stimulates the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle leading to increased glucose uptake....................................................... ...
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in
... emulsifiers may be required. In Penaeidae, fat emulsifiers have not been described, but other decapods secrete acyltaurines for this purpose (Dall and Moriarty 1983). Moreover, mammalian pancreatic lipases require colipase, a pancreatic protein, as a cofactor for enzymatic activity (Lowe 1997). In c ...
... emulsifiers may be required. In Penaeidae, fat emulsifiers have not been described, but other decapods secrete acyltaurines for this purpose (Dall and Moriarty 1983). Moreover, mammalian pancreatic lipases require colipase, a pancreatic protein, as a cofactor for enzymatic activity (Lowe 1997). In c ...
Marine Biotecnology
... emulsifiers may be required. In Penaeidae, fat emulsifiers have not been described, but other decapods secrete acyltaurines for this purpose (Dall and Moriarty 1983). Moreover, mammalian pancreatic lipases require colipase, a pancreatic protein, as a cofactor for enzymatic activity (Lowe 1997). In c ...
... emulsifiers may be required. In Penaeidae, fat emulsifiers have not been described, but other decapods secrete acyltaurines for this purpose (Dall and Moriarty 1983). Moreover, mammalian pancreatic lipases require colipase, a pancreatic protein, as a cofactor for enzymatic activity (Lowe 1997). In c ...
accelerated glucose discoloration method
... The non-enzymatic browning of glucose was investigated by accelerating the glucose degradation with or without heating glucose solutions for 1 h at 100°C with different reagents. Evaluation of the glucose degradation was performed using two types of glucose, glucose A and glucose B, in order to inve ...
... The non-enzymatic browning of glucose was investigated by accelerating the glucose degradation with or without heating glucose solutions for 1 h at 100°C with different reagents. Evaluation of the glucose degradation was performed using two types of glucose, glucose A and glucose B, in order to inve ...
lactate: what does it really tell us?
... All tissues can produce lactate, but basal lactate production is highest in skin, red blood cells (which lack mitochondria), brain and muscle. Lactate consumption is highest in the liver and kidney. Because lactate is an important metabolic fuel, the kidney does not excrete lactate until a moderate ...
... All tissues can produce lactate, but basal lactate production is highest in skin, red blood cells (which lack mitochondria), brain and muscle. Lactate consumption is highest in the liver and kidney. Because lactate is an important metabolic fuel, the kidney does not excrete lactate until a moderate ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of
... The NAD : NADH ratio plays an important role in regulating the intracellular redox state and is often considered as a read out of the metabolic state. Many metabolic enzymes are regulated by the NAD : NADH ratio, such as the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the pyruvate ...
... The NAD : NADH ratio plays an important role in regulating the intracellular redox state and is often considered as a read out of the metabolic state. Many metabolic enzymes are regulated by the NAD : NADH ratio, such as the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the pyruvate ...
The Role of Epidermal Lipids in Cutaneous Permeability Barrier
... 0.3 micrometer, membrane bilayer encircled secretory organelles that are unique to the epidermis (18). These lamellar bodies are not present in the undifferentiated basal layer of the epidermis, but they begin to appear as keratinocytes differentiate and are first observed in the upper stratum spino ...
... 0.3 micrometer, membrane bilayer encircled secretory organelles that are unique to the epidermis (18). These lamellar bodies are not present in the undifferentiated basal layer of the epidermis, but they begin to appear as keratinocytes differentiate and are first observed in the upper stratum spino ...
Characterization of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene
... Corynebacterium glutamicum is an aerobic, Gram-positive organism that grows on a variety of sugars and organic acids, and is widely used in the industrial production of amino acids, e.g., L-glutamate and L-lysine. For growth on organic acids such as acetate, gluconeogenic reactions are necessary in ...
... Corynebacterium glutamicum is an aerobic, Gram-positive organism that grows on a variety of sugars and organic acids, and is widely used in the industrial production of amino acids, e.g., L-glutamate and L-lysine. For growth on organic acids such as acetate, gluconeogenic reactions are necessary in ...
Solution Report - Delhi Academy of Medical Sciences
... Acetyl Co A acts as a substrate for all the enzymes except? a. HMG Co A synthetase b. Malic enzymes c. Malonyl Co A synthetase d. Fatty acid synthetase Solution. Ans-24 : (b) Malic enzymes Ref.:Read the text below Sol : HMG Co A synthetaserequire acetyl Co A as a precursor molecule. HMG Co A in turn ...
... Acetyl Co A acts as a substrate for all the enzymes except? a. HMG Co A synthetase b. Malic enzymes c. Malonyl Co A synthetase d. Fatty acid synthetase Solution. Ans-24 : (b) Malic enzymes Ref.:Read the text below Sol : HMG Co A synthetaserequire acetyl Co A as a precursor molecule. HMG Co A in turn ...
Regulation of Urea Synthesis by Agmatine in the Perfused Liver
... phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I), ( EC 6.3.5.5) (8, 13, 16, 25), which requires N-acetylglutamate (NAG) as an obligatory effector for its activation (8, 13, 14). Brosnan (4) has suggested that acute increases in ureagenesis are initiated by greater availability of NAG. Increased NAG synthesis and conc ...
... phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I), ( EC 6.3.5.5) (8, 13, 16, 25), which requires N-acetylglutamate (NAG) as an obligatory effector for its activation (8, 13, 14). Brosnan (4) has suggested that acute increases in ureagenesis are initiated by greater availability of NAG. Increased NAG synthesis and conc ...
Glucosamine-Induced Insulin Resistance in Primary Rat
... production (Ishihara, Maechler et al. 2003) caused by a decrease in the flow of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (Sindelar, Chu et al. 1997) and gluconeogenesis precursors from skeletal muscles (Sindelar, Balcom et al. 1996) in response to insulin induced inhibition of lipolysis and proteolysis ...
... production (Ishihara, Maechler et al. 2003) caused by a decrease in the flow of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (Sindelar, Chu et al. 1997) and gluconeogenesis precursors from skeletal muscles (Sindelar, Balcom et al. 1996) in response to insulin induced inhibition of lipolysis and proteolysis ...
Lecture 33 - University of Arizona
... Since glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase have opposing effects on glycogen metabolism, it is critical that their activities be reciprocally regulated to avoid futile cycling and to efficiently control glucose-6P concentrations within the cell. ...
... Since glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase have opposing effects on glycogen metabolism, it is critical that their activities be reciprocally regulated to avoid futile cycling and to efficiently control glucose-6P concentrations within the cell. ...
Carnitine: A Review - Society of Education~Agra
... natural foodstuffs that are essential to normal mal metabolism and lack of which in the diet causes deficiency diseases. Vitamins consist of a mixed group of chemical compounds a n d are not related to each other as are proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Their classification together depends not on ...
... natural foodstuffs that are essential to normal mal metabolism and lack of which in the diet causes deficiency diseases. Vitamins consist of a mixed group of chemical compounds a n d are not related to each other as are proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Their classification together depends not on ...
Molecular basis of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
... of CPT II expressed in all tissues. On the other hand, two different isoforms of CPT I have been described with distinct tissue distributions. These two forms are called the hepatic (CPT IA) and muscle form (CPT IB) and are encoded by different genes localized on chromosome 11q13.1-13.5 and 22q13.31 ...
... of CPT II expressed in all tissues. On the other hand, two different isoforms of CPT I have been described with distinct tissue distributions. These two forms are called the hepatic (CPT IA) and muscle form (CPT IB) and are encoded by different genes localized on chromosome 11q13.1-13.5 and 22q13.31 ...
Nature inspired platforms for production of acetyl
... nucleus, mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisomes. A challenge lies in increasing precursor flux of cytosolic acetyl-CoA and decreasing acetyl-CoA flux towards other subcellular compartments. Oleaginous, or lipid accumulating yeast, have evolved mechanisms to export units of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA in ...
... nucleus, mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisomes. A challenge lies in increasing precursor flux of cytosolic acetyl-CoA and decreasing acetyl-CoA flux towards other subcellular compartments. Oleaginous, or lipid accumulating yeast, have evolved mechanisms to export units of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA in ...
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl
... amino acids have all been demonstrated as usable carbon sources in vitro and can all generate propionyl-CoA. The methylcitrate cycle, which, in M. tuberculosis, uses a bifunctional isocitrate lyase/methylisocitrate lyase (ICL/MCL), is one of the two routes for metabolism of propionyl-CoA. A mutant s ...
... amino acids have all been demonstrated as usable carbon sources in vitro and can all generate propionyl-CoA. The methylcitrate cycle, which, in M. tuberculosis, uses a bifunctional isocitrate lyase/methylisocitrate lyase (ICL/MCL), is one of the two routes for metabolism of propionyl-CoA. A mutant s ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.